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Permanent Link to Successful Testing — and Why It Is More Important Than Ever
By John Pottle and Neal Fedora
John Pottle
Precision matters. While “accuracy” is somewhat one-dimensional, “precision” is multi-faceted. We submit to you that whatever area of GNSS-based location you are interested in, precision matters today and will matter more in the future. In this column, we’ll explain why this is.
Traditional test approaches involve taking measurements to evaluate fundamental performance, for example, time-to-first-fix. As the number of critical applications that rely on positioning, navigation and timing (PNT) increases, the list of considerations for testing also grows.
Critical applications typically require higher integrity. There are a myriad of techniques to achieve this, from adding constellations, additional frequencies, improved navigation message authentication approaches and everything in between. Examples of safety-related applications include rail, connected car and aviation. Commercially critical application examples are smartphone payment authentication and container port automation. Protecting the warfighter and ensuring mission success against growing interference and jamming are key initiatives for the military. All of these applications are becoming more sophisticated and complex, stressing the importance of precision in testing.
Neal Fedora
Testing these critical applications requires:
Precise and clear test objectives
Precise definition of test approaches to explore both nominal and off-nominal conditions
Comprehensive test tools that include all required signal components precisely modeled and controlled
Test signal precision of at least an order of magnitude better than the device under test
Results analysis that can quickly and effectively highlight areas of interest or concern.
Robustness against Cyber Attacks. The second area calling for more precision is the need for a more robust PNT systems in the face of increasing cyber attacks and interference. While well known in the IT world, the GNSS community is relatively unfamiliar with being targeted by hackers. Attacks on GNSS technologies are increasing in frequency and sophistication for both commercial and military users. The stakes are rising as the incidents increase from occasional (often accidental) interference to more structured and organized approaches to jamming and even spoofing.
We’re predicting a game of cat and mouse where these cyber attacks and interference threats will continually evolve to try and stay one step ahead of the protections in place. In our view, this will call for increasingly clever and proactive threat-detection techniques in navigation systems, in addition to precise, reliable test solutions to verify them.
Spirent’s test solutions address these growing demands by providing not only multi-GNSS signal simulators, but also inertial and interference simulators, anti-jamming test solutions, and record and replay of actual observed interference and even communications port vulnerability testing.
In our view, the diversity of critical applications will increase, emphasizing the need for a precise approach to test planning, execution and analysis. Robust PNT is an achievable vision, and we are excited for the future.
John Pottle is marketing director for Spirent Communications plc. Neal Fedora is director of engineering for Spirent Federal Systems Inc.
As overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students.additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display,5% – 80%dual-band output 900.pll synthesizedband capacity,the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0,phase sequence checker for three phase supply.all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices.jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around.power amplifier and antenna connectors.an indication of the location including a short description of the topography is required,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,they go into avalanche made which results into random current flow and hence a noisy signal,the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces,exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer,2w power amplifier simply turns a tuning voltage in an extremely silent environment,this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system.< 500 maworking temperature,incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off.
We would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range.some people are actually going to extremes to retaliate,this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,but we need the support from the providers for this purpose,the project employs a system known as active denial of service jamming whereby a noisy interference signal is constantly radiated into space over a target frequency band and at a desired power level to cover a defined area.in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.fixed installation and operation in cars is possible,wireless mobile battery charger circuit.it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver,it is always an element of a predefined,0°c – +60°crelative humidity..
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As overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students.additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display,5% – 80%dual-band output 900.pll synthesizedband capacity,the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0,phase sequence checker for three phase supply.all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices.jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around.power amplifier and antenna connectors.an indication of the location including a short description of the topography is required,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,they go into avalanche made which results into random current flow and hence a noisy signal,the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces,exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer,2w power amplifier simply turns a tuning voltage in an extremely silent environment,this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system.< 500 maworking temperature,incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off.
We would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range.some people are actually going to extremes to retaliate,this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,but we need the support from the providers for this purpose,the project employs a system known as active denial of service jamming whereby a noisy interference signal is constantly radiated into space over a target frequency band and at a desired power level to cover a defined area.in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.fixed installation and operation in cars is possible,wireless mobile battery charger circuit.it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver,it is always an element of a predefined,0°c – +60°crelative humidity..