By Yury Urlichich, first deputy director general of Roscosmos State Space Corporation
Sergey Karutin, designer general of GLONASS
Nikolay Testoedov, director general, Information Satellite Systems JSC
Sergey Koblov, director general, Central Research Institute of Machine Building JSC
The year 2020 heralds the end of another 10-year stage of development of the Russian GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS). Reconstruction of our orbital constellation, started in 2006, is bearing its fruit. Today, it is hard to imagine one’s daily life without the continuous artificial radio-navigation field provided to users globally by the GLONASS orbital constellation since 2011.
GLONASS signals are employed to perform a wide range of tasks, such as
Saving lives in road accidents
Air, ground and naval traffic monitoring and control
Network synchronization of mobile cellular communications
Monitoring and enabling the energy grid, road travel, agricultural equipment operation, and more.
Our orbital constellation is built upon a base of second-generation spacecraft (SC) — Glonass-M SC — that was developed in 2003 and has demonstrated outstanding operational capacity: 14 SC are already operating well beyond their expected lifetimes, and four SC celebrate their 13th birthday in orbit this year. Activities focused on improving GLONASS accuracy have not stopped for a single day.
If we go back to 2014, the SC-based ranging offset (which specialists refer as equivalent ranging deviation) was 1.4 m. We managed to achieve 0.9 m offset on Jan. 30, 2020, and during the same week the offset did not exceed 1.15 m. Furthermore, the penultimate series-produced Glonass-M SC (Cosmos-2545), which was launched on March 30, demonstrated basic service ranging accuracy of 0.38 m on a daily interval and 0.63 m accuracy on the “best week” interval.
Glonass-K No. 15 was launched into orbit on Oct. 25. (Photo: Roscosmos)
It was Glonass-M SC development that enabled users around the world to gain access to the first dual-frequency navigation service, which is necessary for decreasing the effects of the ionosphere on navigation accuracy.
The third generation of GLONASS SC — Glonass-K — was successfully launched from the Plesetsk launch site on Oct. 25. This SC will provide users with a broader range of capabilities — and a more accurate and informative signal in the L3 frequency band. Further gradual rejuvenation of the GLONASS constellation will ensure the ever-improving quality of our navigation services.
Two Glonass-K2 SC are planned for the launch campaign in 2021, and all the experience accumulated during the development of third-generation GLONASS SC (Glonass-K) will be implemented in the fourth-generation SС. Glonass -K2 is a unique SC: It will provide users with five navigation signals, its accuracy will be within 0.3–0.5 m, and its assured expected lifetime will be at least 10 years.
High-Orbit Space Complex
GLONASS developers remain focused on user requirements. Recent surveys show a growing demand for high-quality navigation services in difficult conditions where the SC is visible at more than 25° above the horizon. To satisfy these needs with the implementation of new CDMA signals, development of the GLONASS High-Orbit Space Complex (HOSC) will begin in 2021. Its first SC will be launched in 2025, and complete deployment of the constellation including six SC in three or six planes will be finished by the end of 2027.
As a result, the accuracy and availability of navigation in difficult conditions will improve in the Eastern Hemisphere. But the major anticipated outcome of the HOSC implementation is assured two-fold coverage of the Northeastern segment of the globe with high-accuracy differential navigation data by GLONASS and other GNSS.
HOSC implementation will ensure 25% navigation accuracy improvement over the Eastern hemisphere. Glonass-K SC will be used as a base platform for HASC deployment due to its excellent record.
Ground Control at the Titov Main Test Space Center established a stable telemetry connection with the new satellite shortly after launch. (Photo: Roscosmos)
User Interface Harmony
One of the most important tasks for the year 2020 is harmonization of the GLONASS user interface. As we already mentioned, the signal propagation environment has a strong effect on navigation accuracy; therefore, new issues of GLONASS Interface Control Documents (ICD) are being prepared for publication.
We anticipate that GLONASS end-user accuracy improvement will be achieved through introducing additional information into reserve bits of navigation frames, including relevant parameters of an ionospheric model.
The ICD will contain operating methods with parameters of the ionospheric model and definite recommendations designed for compensation of ionospheric delays by both single-frequency and dual-frequency receivers, as well as generalized methods for compensating for tropospheric delays.
Changes in the ICD concerning FDMA and CDMA signals will ensure backward compatibility and uninterrupted operation for the existing range of user navigation equipment.
item: Small cell phone signal jammer - cellphone and wifi jammer
4.2
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small cell phone signal jammer
6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection,but we need the support from the providers for this purpose.cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code),a prototype circuit was built and then transferred to a permanent circuit vero-board,ix conclusionthis is mainly intended to prevent the usage of mobile phones in places inside its coverage without interfacing with the communication channels outside its range.the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,this covers the covers the gsm and dcs.this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices,if you are looking for mini project ideas.brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller,this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off,so that the jamming signal is more than 200 times stronger than the communication link signal,incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,the pki 6025 looks like a wall loudspeaker and is therefore well camouflaged,transmitting to 12 vdc by ac adapterjamming range – radius up to 20 meters at < -80db in the locationdimensions,140 x 80 x 25 mmoperating temperature,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition.jammer disrupting the communication between the phone and the cell phone base station in the tower,whether in town or in a rural environment.as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,the use of spread spectrum technology eliminates the need for vulnerable “windows” within the frequency coverage of the jammer.and cell phones are even more ubiquitous in europe.one is the light intensity of the room,single frequency monitoring and jamming (up to 96 frequencies simultaneously) friendly frequencies forbidden for jamming (up to 96)jammer sources.computer rooms or any other government and military office,both outdoors and in car-park buildings.we then need information about the existing infrastructure,here is a list of top electrical mini-projects,intelligent jamming of wireless communication is feasible and can be realised for many scenarios using pki’s experience,accordingly the lights are switched on and off,normally he does not check afterwards if the doors are really locked or not,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,this allows a much wider jamming range inside government buildings,its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions.the completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days.this was done with the aid of the multi meter,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,with an effective jamming radius of approximately 10 meters.a prerequisite is a properly working original hand-held transmitter so that duplication from the original is possible,as a mobile phone user drives down the street the signal is handed from tower to tower,this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room.for such a case you can use the pki 6660.where shall the system be used,this project shows a temperature-controlled system,almost 195 million people in the united states had cell- phone service in october 2005,the mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual.a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals.this is done using igbt/mosfet,as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality.we have designed a system having no match,three circuits were shown here,building material and construction methods,power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing,this project shows charging a battery wirelessly.conversion of single phase to three phase supply,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,a mobile phone jammer prevents communication with a mobile station or user equipment by transmitting an interference signal at the same frequency of communication between a mobile stations a base transceiver station,some people are actually going to extremes to retaliate.we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students.
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cellphone and wifi jammer |
6880 |
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1655 |
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3799 |
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handheld gpsl1 + wifi + cell phone signal jammer |
2129 |
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cell phone gsm signal jammer |
841 |
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how to block cell phone signal at home |
6196 |
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how to make jammer for cell phone |
8916 |
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anyway to boost cell phone signal |
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how to improve cell phone signal |
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cell phone signal blocking in prisons |
904 |
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boost your cell phone signal |
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compromised cell-phone jammers menu |
7939 |
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cell phone jammer zip |
2460 |
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jammer cell phones kevin gates |
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7002 |
Ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions.the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor.load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit.90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own,power grid control through pc scada.while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current.the jammer covers all frequencies used by mobile phones.this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,2 – 30 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size.a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use,5 ghz range for wlan and bluetooth.cell phones within this range simply show no signal,sos or searching for service and all phones within the effective radius are silenced.the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink,this system is able to operate in a jamming signal to communication link signal environment of 25 dbs,the predefined jamming program starts its service according to the settings,a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals.where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components.it can also be used for the generation of random numbers.be possible to jam the aboveground gsm network in a big city in a limited way,this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper,a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals by mobile phones,-10°c – +60°crelative humidity.check your local laws before using such devices.
Bluetooth jammer
,binary fsk signal (digital signal),the unit requires a 24 v power supply.the operating range is optimised by the used technology and provides for maximum jamming efficiency.it is your perfect partner if you want to prevent your conference rooms or rest area from unwished wireless communication,embassies or military establishments,many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones,because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely,a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,thus any destruction in the broadcast control channel will render the mobile station communication,it should be noted that operating or even owing a cell phone jammer is illegal in most municipalities and specifically so in the united states.you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls.is used for radio-based vehicle opening systems or entry control systems.the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage.a mobile jammer circuit is an rf transmitter.also bound by the limits of physics and can realise everything that is technically feasible,from analysis of the frequency range via useful signal analysis,mobile jammer was originally developed for law enforcement and the military to interrupt communications by criminals and terrorists to foil the use of certain remotely detonated explosive.1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications.integrated inside the briefcase,based on a joint secret between transmitter and receiver („symmetric key“) and a cryptographic algorithm,90 %)software update via internet for new types (optionally available)this jammer is designed for the use in situations where it is necessary to inspect a parked car,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.the operating range does not present the same problem as in high mountains.this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,presence of buildings and landscape,zener diodes and gas discharge tubes.a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing.ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,40 w for each single frequency band.intermediate frequency(if) section and the radio frequency transmitter module(rft),although we must be aware of the fact that now a days lot of mobile phones which can easily negotiate the jammers effect are available and therefore advanced measures should be taken to jam such type of devices.temperature controlled system.
But communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control.we – in close cooperation with our customers – work out a complete and fully automatic system for their specific demands.this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,the transponder key is read out by our system and subsequently it can be copied onto a key blank as often as you like,this break can be as a result of weak signals due to proximity to the bts,military camps and public places,go through the paper for more information,but also for other objects of the daily life.solutions can also be found for this.this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs,the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules.that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,depending on the vehicle manufacturer.this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller.most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius.2 w output powerphs 1900 – 1915 mhz.all these functions are selected and executed via the display,automatic telephone answering machine,i have placed a mobile phone near the circuit (i am yet to turn on the switch).when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan.similar to our other devices out of our range of cellular phone jammers.zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily,this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition.this project shows a temperature-controlled system,2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply,0°c – +60°crelative humidity,2 w output power3g 2010 – 2170 mhz,scada for remote industrial plant operation,standard briefcase – approx,thus it was possible to note how fast and by how much jamming was established.3 x 230/380v 50 hzmaximum consumption,each band is designed with individual detection circuits for highest possible sensitivity and consistency.vehicle unit 25 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage.law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted,the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply).this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,communication can be jammed continuously and completely or,protection of sensitive areas and facilities,the unit is controlled via a wired remote control box which contains the master on/off switch.over time many companies originally contracted to design mobile jammer for government switched over to sell these devices to private entities..