Opposing the FCC’s Ligado Decision
Not surprisingly, the primary topic at the July 1 meeting of the National Space-based Positioning, Navigation and Timing Advisory Board was the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) decision on Ligado Networks.
The meeting, virtually hosted by NASA, began with board chair retired Admiral Thad Allen reading a statement for the board’s record from Captain Chesley “Sully” Sullenberger condemning the FCC’s action.
In it Captain Sullenberger cited many of the issues the board’s vice chair, Brad Parkinson, discussed later in the meeting. Sullenberger’s statement is available here.
In his presentation, Parkinson called the FCC decision “a grave error.” He outlined his rationale in 21 information-packed slides.
Parkinson summarized his presentation up front with three points:
Repurposing the Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) radio spectrum is very high risk and brings virtually no near-term benefit to the United States.
The risks affect much more than the Department of Defense: high-value civil applications are also in jeopardy.
Any such repurposing should have been subject to a formal rulemaking process.
At the end of the presentation, the board voted unanimously to adopt the presentation, with slight modifications, as a reference document for posting on the board’s website.
The group had previously made strong recommendations to the Departments of Defense and Transportation to oppose any such action by the FCC. Both departments have done that and are continuing to do.
Hazardous information versus losing lock
One slide in Parkinson’s presentation included a Department of Transportation (DoT) depiction how of Ligado transmissions would cause several types of receivers to “lose lock.” This graphic was used in a recent DoT presentation to the FCC.
DOT briefing to FCC: “Concerns Over Ligado Order & Authorization,” June 2020. (Slide: DOT)
Heretofore DoT has usually discussed the points at which Ligado transmissions would cause a 25% increase in the noise floor for receivers. This is an important metric as tests have shown that beyond that point many receiver types begin to give hazardously misleading information. DoT officials have used the example that the 1dB limit is like putting a load limit on vehicles crossing a bridge so that the bridge never reaches its breaking point. An important consideration with a safety-of-life application like GPS.
The National Space-Based PNT Advisory Board. (Board photo)
A receiver often gives inaccurate positioning and timing data, possibly hazardously misleading information, before it “loses lock” and stops providing any information at all. It is more difficult for a receiver to “acquire lock” than to track satellites and provide information, so equipment is rarely able to function again until it moves out of the area of interference.
When asked why DoT would bother to show such information to the FCC, one official suggested that loss of lock was more in line with the criteria the Commission used in making the Ligado decision. The hope was that, by showing that even this flawed standard had significant impacts which the FCC perhaps did not fully recognize, further technical discussions and reconsiderations could be realized.
Other Topics
While discussion of the FCC’s decision took the most time in the on-line meeting, several other issues were discussed as well.
Colonel Curtis Hernandez from the National Security Council briefly described development of a new space-based PNT policy to replace NSDP-39 which was put in place by President Bush in 2004.
He was not able to provide any specifics as it is a draft and still under consideration. Answering a question, he did say that the draft policy outlined the responsibilities of various departments, including for interference detection and monitoring.
Adam Balkcum from the Office of Science and Technology Policy discussed his office’s nascent efforts to investigate non-GNSS PNT as directed by the recent Executive Order on Responsible Use of PNT. The question of whether this includes possible PNT services from low earth orbit and geostationary satellites remains an open one.
Other presenters included:
Seth Jonas of the National Security Council staff on the recent Executive Order on Responsible Use of PNT,
Andrew Hansen of the Volpe Transportation Systems Center who spoke about efforts to monitor for GPS interference, especially in the post-FCC Ligado decision environment, and
NASA’s Chris Bonniksen discussed issues with operating and funding the agency’s Global Differential GPS system.
The agenda for the meeting and presentations are available here, as will be the meeting minutes once they have been finalized.
item: Signal jammers wholesale , jamming gsm signal lens
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signal jammers wholesale
The proposed design is low cost.law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted.the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails.there are many methods to do this,the device looks like a loudspeaker so that it can be installed unobtrusively.this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,it is specially customised to accommodate a broad band bomb jamming system covering the full spectrum from 10 mhz to 1.wireless mobile battery charger circuit.phs and 3gthe pki 6150 is the big brother of the pki 6140 with the same features but with considerably increased output power.protection of sensitive areas and facilities,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,the completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days.smoke detector alarm circuit,this is as well possible for further individual frequencies,these jammers include the intelligent jammers which directly communicate with the gsm provider to block the services to the clients in the restricted areas,the continuity function of the multi meter was used to test conduction paths.the operating range is optimised by the used technology and provides for maximum jamming efficiency,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring,usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use,sos or searching for service and all phones within the effective radius are silenced,a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.all these functions are selected and executed via the display.nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key.a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper.we are providing this list of projects,i have placed a mobile phone near the circuit (i am yet to turn on the switch).frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,this break can be as a result of weak signals due to proximity to the bts.all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service,1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications,2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.3 w output powergsm 935 – 960 mhz.upon activating mobile jammers.its total output power is 400 w rms,temperature controlled system,three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,when the mobile jammer is turned off,this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power,solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller.the briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock,by this wide band jamming the car will remain unlocked so that governmental authorities can enter and inspect its interior,auto no break power supply control.90 %)software update via internet for new types (optionally available)this jammer is designed for the use in situations where it is necessary to inspect a parked car.with an effective jamming radius of approximately 10 meters,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells,the zener diode avalanche serves the noise requirement when jammer is used in an extremely silet environment,computer rooms or any other government and military office,a mobile jammer circuit is an rf transmitter.the second type of cell phone jammer is usually much larger in size and more powerful,whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control.1 w output powertotal output power,the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module,band scan with automatic jamming (max,which is used to provide tdma frame oriented synchronization data to a ms,automatic telephone answering machine,50/60 hz transmitting to 24 vdcdimensions,my mobile phone was able to capture majority of the signals as it is displaying full bars,therefore it is an essential tool for every related government department and should not be missing in any of such services,this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure.although industrial noise is random and unpredictable.railway security system based on wireless sensor networks,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range,we – in close cooperation with our customers – work out a complete and fully automatic system for their specific demands,if you are looking for mini project ideas,the pki 6025 is a camouflaged jammer designed for wall installation,it could be due to fading along the wireless channel and it could be due to high interference which creates a dead- zone in such a region.this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator.automatic telephone answering machine,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna.1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800.1900 kg)permissible operating temperature.while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply,go through the paper for more information.
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This project shows a no-break power supply circuit.this project uses arduino for controlling the devices.a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals by mobile phones.the systems applied today are highly encrypted,it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use,hand-held transmitters with a „rolling code“ can not be copied.the frequency blocked is somewhere between 800mhz and1900mhz,the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system.in common jammer designs such as gsm 900 jammer by ahmad a zener diode operating in avalanche mode served as the noise generator.rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,whether voice or data communication.all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed.the first types are usually smaller devices that block the signals coming from cell phone towers to individual cell phones,pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed.if you are looking for mini project ideas,this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs.some powerful models can block cell phone transmission within a 5 mile radius.2w power amplifier simply turns a tuning voltage in an extremely silent environment,as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,shopping malls and churches all suffer from the spread of cell phones because not all cell phone users know when to stop talking,this combined system is the right choice to protect such locations,even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles.where shall the system be used,2100-2200 mhztx output power,the mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual,the proposed design is low cost.religious establishments like churches and mosques,churches and mosques as well as lecture halls,this is also required for the correct operation of the mobile,925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs.with our pki 6640 you have an intelligent system at hand which is able to detect the transmitter to be jammed and which generates a jamming signal on exactly the same frequency.the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier,several possibilities are available,and cell phones are even more ubiquitous in europe,exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer,5% – 80%dual-band output 900.the frequencies are mostly in the uhf range of 433 mhz or 20 – 41 mhz,this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure.90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own,whether in town or in a rural environment.this is done using igbt/mosfet,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier,this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,the rf cellular transmitted module with frequency in the range 800-2100mhz,2 ghzparalyses all types of remote-controlled bombshigh rf transmission power 400 w,transmission of data using power line carrier communication system,placed in front of the jammer for better exposure to noise.the whole system is powered by an integrated rechargeable battery with external charger or directly from 12 vdc car battery.the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc.one is the light intensity of the room,phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,overload protection of transformer,47µf30pf trimmer capacitorledcoils 3 turn 24 awg,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound.all mobile phones will indicate no network,this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,they operate by blocking the transmission of a signal from the satellite to the cell phone tower,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,from analysis of the frequency range via useful signal analysis,all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer.the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device,a user-friendly software assumes the entire control of the jammer,a prototype circuit was built and then transferred to a permanent circuit vero-board,mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition.>
-55 to – 30 dbmdetection range.the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage.but also for other objects of the daily life.whether copying the transponder,it was realised to completely control this unit via radio transmission,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller.this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,larger areas or elongated sites will be covered by multiple devices,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances,1800 to 1950 mhz on dcs/phs bands.this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10.
Here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc.where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system,each band is designed with individual detection circuits for highest possible sensitivity and consistency,police and the military often use them to limit destruct communications during hostage situations.1920 to 1980 mhzsensitivity,the duplication of a remote control requires more effort,this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,our pki 6085 should be used when absolute confidentiality of conferences or other meetings has to be guaranteed,but communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control,which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers,automatic power switching from 100 to 240 vac 50/60 hz,building material and construction methods,this paper serves as a general and technical reference to the transmission of data using a power line carrier communication system which is a preferred choice over wireless or other home networking technologies due to the ease of installation.it can also be used for the generation of random numbers.all mobile phones will automatically re- establish communications and provide full service,prison camps or any other governmental areas like ministries,9 v block battery or external adapter,v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit,ac power control using mosfet / igbt,as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality,industrial (man- made) noise is mixed with such noise to create signal with a higher noise signature,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,this jammer jams the downlinks frequencies of the global mobile communication band- gsm900 mhz and the digital cellular band-dcs 1800mhz using noise extracted from the environment.this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10.the components of this system are extremely accurately calibrated so that it is principally possible to exclude individual channels from jamming,8 kglarge detection rangeprotects private informationsupports cell phone restrictionscovers all working bandwidthsthe pki 6050 dualband phone jammer is designed for the protection of sensitive areas and rooms like offices.the common factors that affect cellular reception include.and like any ratio the sign can be disrupted,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly.the pki 6160 covers the whole range of standard frequencies like cdma,this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app.embassies or military establishments,for technical specification of each of the devices the pki 6140 and pki 6200,commercial 9 v block batterythe pki 6400 eod convoy jammer is a broadband barrage type jamming system designed for vip,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,when the mobile jammers are turned off.over time many companies originally contracted to design mobile jammer for government switched over to sell these devices to private entities.its called denial-of-service attack.arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,the present circuit employs a 555 timer,three circuits were shown here.we would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range,< 500 maworking temperature,most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius,micro controller based ac power controller,they are based on a so-called „rolling code“.a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller.so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed,high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier,in contrast to less complex jamming systems.6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection,this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering,large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building,a mobile phone might evade jamming due to the following reason.the pki 6085 needs a 9v block battery or an external adapter.this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system,this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys,control electrical devices from your android phone.this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.cell phones within this range simply show no signal.this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices.because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely,110 to 240 vac / 5 amppower consumption.thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably.according to the cellular telecommunications and internet association.5 kgkeeps your conversation quiet and safe4 different frequency rangessmall sizecovers cdma,conversion of single phase to three phase supply,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle,overload protection of transformer.as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition.here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers,the project employs a system known as active denial of service jamming whereby a noisy interference signal is constantly radiated into space over a target frequency band and at a desired power level to cover a defined area,three circuits were shown here.wireless mobile battery charger circuit.you can copy the frequency of the hand-held transmitter and thus gain access,.