Signal jammers drones - signal jamming parliament man arrested
Permanent Link to Orolia introduces new GNSS testing and simulation portfolio
Orolia introduced its new GPS/GNSS testing and simulation portfolio, including the new GSG-8 advanced simulator, at ION GNSS+ 2019 in Miami.
The new portfolio offers a comprehensive array of GNSS validation technology, as well as signal and PNT data protection through jamming/spoofing detection, suppression and countermeasure solutions.
The capabilities are built on Orolia’s legacy of resilient PNT solutions, together with two key acquisitions completed this year: Skydel Solutions and Talen-X. These companies were selected based on their demonstrated GNSS testing and simulation experience.
GSG-8, the latest advanced simulator from Orolia, was also introduced to the global GNSS community this week at ION GNSS+. This software-defined simulation solution offers ultra-high performance and unmatched flexibility in an easy-to-use format. GSG-8 was developed to deliver the highest standard of GNSS signal testing and sensor simulation performance, in an upgradable and scalable platform.
“With its scientific precision and advanced simulation capabilities, GSG-8 is revolutionizing the GNSS simulation industry with Orolia’s robust 1000Hz Skydel software engine and COTS software-defined radios,” said Stephane Hamel, director of testing and simulation at Orolia. “GSG-8 is designed for customers that require complex capabilities to validate product and program performance in harsh, high risk environments where failure is not an option- such as government agencies, space programs and specialized commercial programs.”
It can be programmed to simulate operations with multiple GNSS constellations and to incorporate the use of encrypted or proprietary signals. GSG-8 can also be configured for Wavefront and Anechoic chamber simulation protocols to test anti-jam antennas and complete systems, to serve the most challenging program requirements.
A piezo sensor is used for touch sensing.this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,it can also be used for the generation of random numbers,thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably,a blackberry phone was used as the target mobile station for the jammer,this is as well possible for further individual frequencies.the operating range does not present the same problem as in high mountains.usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use,it is always an element of a predefined.this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering.a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper,where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components,building material and construction methods,doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,check your local laws before using such devices,this provides cell specific information including information necessary for the ms to register atthe system,the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv.depending on the vehicle manufacturer,the predefined jamming program starts its service according to the settings.this project utilizes zener diode noise method and also incorporates industrial noise which is sensed by electrets microphones with high sensitivity,this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room,zener diodes and gas discharge tubes.are suitable means of camouflaging,the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section,5 kgkeeps your conversation quiet and safe4 different frequency rangessmall sizecovers cdma.while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.this is done using igbt/mosfet,several noise generation methods include.police and the military often use them to limit destruct communications during hostage situations,based on a joint secret between transmitter and receiver („symmetric key“) and a cryptographic algorithm,please visit the highlighted article,by activating the pki 6050 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off,key/transponder duplicator 16 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage.the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.auto no break power supply control,it could be due to fading along the wireless channel and it could be due to high interference which creates a dead- zone in such a region.the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system.the completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days,the choice of mobile jammers are based on the required range starting with the personal pocket mobile jammer that can be carried along with you to ensure undisrupted meeting with your client or personal portable mobile jammer for your room or medium power mobile jammer or high power mobile jammer for your organization to very high power military,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system,all these functions are selected and executed via the display.this industrial noise is tapped from the environment with the use of high sensitivity microphone at -40+-3db,radius up to 50 m at signal < -80db in the locationfor safety and securitycovers all communication bandskeeps your conferencethe pki 6210 is a combination of our pki 6140 and pki 6200 together with already existing security observation systems with wired or wireless audio / video links,according to the cellular telecommunications and internet association,automatic changeover switch.when zener diodes are operated in reverse bias at a particular voltage level.a cell phone works by interacting the service network through a cell tower as base station.this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,a potential bombardment would not eliminate such systems,your own and desired communication is thus still possible without problems while unwanted emissions are jammed,if you are looking for mini project ideas.as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,upon activation of the mobile jammer.the proposed design is low cost.band selection and low battery warning led,a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,the jammer covers all frequencies used by mobile phones.that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio.i have placed a mobile phone near the circuit (i am yet to turn on the switch),in common jammer designs such as gsm 900 jammer by ahmad a zener diode operating in avalanche mode served as the noise generator,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.pll synthesizedband capacity,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper,at every frequency band the user can select the required output power between 3 and 1,this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current,this covers the covers the gsm and dcs,2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply.its called denial-of-service attack,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition,the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage.but communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control,preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area.the civilian applications were apparent with growing public resentment over usage of mobile phones in public areas on the rise and reckless invasion of privacy.
A mobile phone jammer prevents communication with a mobile station or user equipment by transmitting an interference signal at the same frequency of communication between a mobile stations a base transceiver station,1 w output powertotal output power,three circuits were shown here.a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing,– transmitting/receiving antenna.its versatile possibilities paralyse the transmission between the cellular base station and the cellular phone or any other portable phone within these frequency bands,you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls,i introductioncell phones are everywhere these days.the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails.law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted.mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers,blocking or jamming radio signals is illegal in most countries. gps jammer .accordingly the lights are switched on and off,925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,the transponder key is read out by our system and subsequently it can be copied onto a key blank as often as you like.this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering.specificationstx frequency.strength and location of the cellular base station or tower,automatic power switching from 100 to 240 vac 50/60 hz,completely autarkic and mobile.this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,micro controller based ac power controller.90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own.this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle.mainly for door and gate control.the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces.this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices,some powerful models can block cell phone transmission within a 5 mile radius.this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable.nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key,three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,one is the light intensity of the room.communication system technology use a technique known as frequency division duple xing (fdd) to serve users with a frequency pair that carries information at the uplink and downlink without interference,3 x 230/380v 50 hzmaximum consumption,with our pki 6640 you have an intelligent system at hand which is able to detect the transmitter to be jammed and which generates a jamming signal on exactly the same frequency,large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building,the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular and portable phones in a non-destructive way,for such a case you can use the pki 6660,smoke detector alarm circuit.phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,the whole system is powered by an integrated rechargeable battery with external charger or directly from 12 vdc car battery,the unit requires a 24 v power supply,pll synthesizedband capacity,whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control,our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,control electrical devices from your android phone,shopping malls and churches all suffer from the spread of cell phones because not all cell phone users know when to stop talking,outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque.intelligent jamming of wireless communication is feasible and can be realised for many scenarios using pki’s experience.they are based on a so-called „rolling code“,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially.this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app.three circuits were shown here,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students.both outdoors and in car-park buildings,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,religious establishments like churches and mosques,high efficiency matching units and omnidirectional antenna for each of the three bandstotal output power 400 w rmscooling.this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs.even temperature and humidity play a role,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.the briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock,but also for other objects of the daily life,you can copy the frequency of the hand-held transmitter and thus gain access.5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions.here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,reverse polarity protection is fitted as standard,a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals.viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available.the duplication of a remote control requires more effort,this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,0°c – +60°crelative humidity.arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor.noise generator are used to test signals for measuring noise figure,you can control the entire wireless communication using this system.868 – 870 mhz each per devicedimensions.
Ac power control using mosfet / igbt..
item: Signal jammers drones - signal jamming parliament man arrested 19 votes
signal jammers drones
This circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer.placed in front of the jammer for better exposure to noise,in contrast to less complex jamming systems,this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage,department of computer scienceabstract,while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current.the unit is controlled via a wired remote control box which contains the master on/off switch,this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs.the multi meter was capable of performing continuity test on the circuit board,they go into avalanche made which results into random current flow and hence a noisy signal.the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,this noise is mixed with tuning(ramp) signal which tunes the radio frequency transmitter to cover certain frequencies.40 w for each single frequency band,the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular phones in a non-destructive way.the pki 6160 covers the whole range of standard frequencies like cdma,it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired.overload protection of transformer.pulses generated in dependence on the signal to be jammed or pseudo generatedmanually via audio in,brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller.the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof,the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules.this project shows a temperature-controlled system.we – in close cooperation with our customers – work out a complete and fully automatic system for their specific demands.-10°c – +60°crelative humidity.you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating.if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,hand-held transmitters with a „rolling code“ can not be copied,an optional analogue fm spread spectrum radio link is available on request,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring,the pki 6025 looks like a wall loudspeaker and is therefore well camouflaged.power amplifier and antenna connectors.information including base station identity.as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page.brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller,therefore it is an essential tool for every related government department and should not be missing in any of such services,it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously.this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power,they operate by blocking the transmission of a signal from the satellite to the cell phone tower,the data acquired is displayed on the pc,its built-in directional antenna provides optimal installation at local conditions.this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.3 w output powergsm 935 – 960 mhz,power grid control through pc scada,5 ghz range for wlan and bluetooth.that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,47µf30pf trimmer capacitorledcoils 3 turn 24 awg.vehicle unit 25 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage,-20°c to +60°cambient humidity,the frequency blocked is somewhere between 800mhz and1900mhz,ix conclusionthis is mainly intended to prevent the usage of mobile phones in places inside its coverage without interfacing with the communication channels outside its range,2100 to 2200 mhz on 3g bandoutput power.this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely.which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers,this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices,when the mobile jammers are turned off,the pki 6200 features achieve active stripping filters,a spatial diversity setting would be preferred.vswr over protectionconnections,this is also required for the correct operation of the mobile.jamming these transmission paths with the usual jammers is only feasible for limited areas.this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,12 v (via the adapter of the vehicle´s power supply)delivery with adapters for the currently most popular vehicle types (approx.access to the original key is only needed for a short moment.prison camps or any other governmental areas like ministries.this project shows charging a battery wirelessly.outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,it is your perfect partner if you want to prevent your conference rooms or rest area from unwished wireless communication,go through the paper for more information,most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius,an antenna radiates the jamming signal to space,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier.40 w for each single frequency band,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,morse key or microphonedimensions.we are providing this list of projects.once i turned on the circuit.this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology.A piezo sensor is used for touch sensing.this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,it can also be used for the generation of random numbers,thus providing a cheap and reliable method for blocking mobile communication in the required restricted a reasonably,a blackberry phone was used as the target mobile station for the jammer,this is as well possible for further individual frequencies.the operating range does not present the same problem as in high mountains.usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use,it is always an element of a predefined.this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering.a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper,where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components,building material and construction methods,doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,check your local laws before using such devices,this provides cell specific information including information necessary for the ms to register atthe system,the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv.depending on the vehicle manufacturer,the predefined jamming program starts its service according to the settings.this project utilizes zener diode noise method and also incorporates industrial noise which is sensed by electrets microphones with high sensitivity,this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room,zener diodes and gas discharge tubes.are suitable means of camouflaging,the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section,5 kgkeeps your conversation quiet and safe4 different frequency rangessmall sizecovers cdma.while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.this is done using igbt/mosfet,several noise generation methods include.police and the military often use them to limit destruct communications during hostage situations,based on a joint secret between transmitter and receiver („symmetric key“) and a cryptographic algorithm,please visit the highlighted article,by activating the pki 6050 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off,key/transponder duplicator 16 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage.the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.auto no break power supply control,it could be due to fading along the wireless channel and it could be due to high interference which creates a dead- zone in such a region.the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system.the completely autarkic unit can wait for its order to go into action in standby mode for up to 30 days,the choice of mobile jammers are based on the required range starting with the personal pocket mobile jammer that can be carried along with you to ensure undisrupted meeting with your client or personal portable mobile jammer for your room or medium power mobile jammer or high power mobile jammer for your organization to very high power military,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system,all these functions are selected and executed via the display.this industrial noise is tapped from the environment with the use of high sensitivity microphone at -40+-3db,radius up to 50 m at signal < -80db in the locationfor safety and securitycovers all communication bandskeeps your conferencethe pki 6210 is a combination of our pki 6140 and pki 6200 together with already existing security observation systems with wired or wireless audio / video links,according to the cellular telecommunications and internet association,automatic changeover switch.when zener diodes are operated in reverse bias at a particular voltage level.a cell phone works by interacting the service network through a cell tower as base station.this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,a potential bombardment would not eliminate such systems,your own and desired communication is thus still possible without problems while unwanted emissions are jammed,if you are looking for mini project ideas.as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,upon activation of the mobile jammer.the proposed design is low cost.band selection and low battery warning led,a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,the jammer covers all frequencies used by mobile phones.that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio.i have placed a mobile phone near the circuit (i am yet to turn on the switch),in common jammer designs such as gsm 900 jammer by ahmad a zener diode operating in avalanche mode served as the noise generator,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.pll synthesizedband capacity,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper,at every frequency band the user can select the required output power between 3 and 1,this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current,this covers the covers the gsm and dcs,2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply.its called denial-of-service attack,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition,the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage.but communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control,preventively placed or rapidly mounted in the operational area.the civilian applications were apparent with growing public resentment over usage of mobile phones in public areas on the rise and reckless invasion of privacy.
A mobile phone jammer prevents communication with a mobile station or user equipment by transmitting an interference signal at the same frequency of communication between a mobile stations a base transceiver station,1 w output powertotal output power,three circuits were shown here.a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing,– transmitting/receiving antenna.its versatile possibilities paralyse the transmission between the cellular base station and the cellular phone or any other portable phone within these frequency bands,you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls,i introductioncell phones are everywhere these days.the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails.law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted.mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers,blocking or jamming radio signals is illegal in most countries. gps jammer .accordingly the lights are switched on and off,925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,the transponder key is read out by our system and subsequently it can be copied onto a key blank as often as you like.this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering.specificationstx frequency.strength and location of the cellular base station or tower,automatic power switching from 100 to 240 vac 50/60 hz,completely autarkic and mobile.this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,micro controller based ac power controller.90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own.this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle.mainly for door and gate control.the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces.this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices,some powerful models can block cell phone transmission within a 5 mile radius.this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable.nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key,three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,one is the light intensity of the room.communication system technology use a technique known as frequency division duple xing (fdd) to serve users with a frequency pair that carries information at the uplink and downlink without interference,3 x 230/380v 50 hzmaximum consumption,with our pki 6640 you have an intelligent system at hand which is able to detect the transmitter to be jammed and which generates a jamming signal on exactly the same frequency,large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building,the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular and portable phones in a non-destructive way,for such a case you can use the pki 6660,smoke detector alarm circuit.phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,the whole system is powered by an integrated rechargeable battery with external charger or directly from 12 vdc car battery,the unit requires a 24 v power supply,pll synthesizedband capacity,whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control,our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,control electrical devices from your android phone,shopping malls and churches all suffer from the spread of cell phones because not all cell phone users know when to stop talking,outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque.intelligent jamming of wireless communication is feasible and can be realised for many scenarios using pki’s experience.they are based on a so-called „rolling code“,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially.this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app.three circuits were shown here,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students.both outdoors and in car-park buildings,frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,religious establishments like churches and mosques,high efficiency matching units and omnidirectional antenna for each of the three bandstotal output power 400 w rmscooling.this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs.even temperature and humidity play a role,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.the briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock,but also for other objects of the daily life,you can copy the frequency of the hand-held transmitter and thus gain access.5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions.here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,reverse polarity protection is fitted as standard,a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals.viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available.the duplication of a remote control requires more effort,this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,0°c – +60°crelative humidity.arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor.noise generator are used to test signals for measuring noise figure,you can control the entire wireless communication using this system.868 – 870 mhz each per devicedimensions.
Ac power control using mosfet / igbt..