Photo: Trimble
Antenna development, going all the way back to the first antennas, has been one of continuous innovation,” Richard Langley wrote in our September issue. Even after more than 30 years of GNSS technology development, he pointed out, GNSS antenna development continues.
His statement is borne out by the responses submitted by manufacturers of GNSS antennas to four questions we posed to them:
What specific challenges are your antennas designed to address?
Over the past three years and the next three years, what have been/will be your key innovations?
How are advances in real-time kinematic (RTK) and precise point positioning (PPP) changing requirements for GNSS antennas?
What technical challenges or industry trends do you find most interesting or noteworthy?
The responses display a wide range of antenna designs for a wide range of applications. They show how manufacturers must constantly balance requirements for positioning accuracy, form factor, interference management and cost. For the GNSS user segment, antennas are the first link in the processing chain and the first line of defense against jamming, spoofing, multipath and, increasingly, adjacent band interference. Antenna designers are also challenged by the growing adoption and sophistication of RTK, PPP and similar technologies. All these variables, challenges and scenarios are reasons for the constant evolution of GNSS antennas.
Finally, it is not always obvious whether a device should be classified as a receiver or an antenna. For example, what Harxon calls a “smart antenna” others might call a receiver.
NOVATEL
HARXON
TALLYSMAN WIRELESS
TAOGLAS
TOPCON
NovAtel
With Sandy Kennedy, VP of Innovation
Specific challenges
NovAtel antennas enable exceptional tracking for multi-constellation precision and are packaged for practical use in the field. Our antennas are designed to be the first link in the processing chain to deliver centimeter-level precision in harsh operating environments and applications, including contested or crowded RF environments through our CRPA antennas.
Key innovations
Over the past three years, we have focused on multi-frequency support and simultaneous L-band reception (seen in the NovAtel GNSS-850) to provide exceptional positioning solutions and support future technology like RTK From the Sky. Optimized to work with OEM7 receivers, NovAtel antennas leverage patented multi-point feeding networks to providΩe symmetric radiation patterns across all frequencies for excellent multipath rejection and minimal phase-center variation and offset. In the next three years, we expect to further reduce the size of antennas needed in a resilient high-precision solution. At the same time, we are continuing to improve robustness to adjacent band interference. We work to optimize the full GNSS ecosystem, from the signal in space reaching the antenna, to the final position, velocity and time (PVT) solution exiting the receiver.
Anechoic chamber testing. (Photo: NovAtel)
Advances in RTK and PPP
Advances in corrections expose measurements from low-quality antennas. You need an antenna with sub-millimeter phase-center variation (PCV) accuracy and stability on par with the algorithms delivering centimeter-level solutions. When the processing chain eliminates errors down to the centimeter level (or less), you must avoid adding errors from unstable phase centers, for example.
Technical challenges and industry trends
A difficult challenge facing the antenna industry is the commercial demand to reduce the size and weight of antennas while maintaining functionality and performance. The industry will need to continue balancing between size and performance while producing innovative GNSS antenna solutions integrated with other technologies, for example with anti-jam capabilities.
Harxon
With Leo Wang, Product Technical Director
Specific challenges
The design of Harxon’s GNSS antennas aims to achieve a perfect balance between easy integration with RTK solutions and the ultimate product performance by meticulously dealing with wideband, positioning accuracy, form factor, and interference management.
Key innovations
Over the past three years, our signature antenna innovation is our 4-in-1 X-Survey HX-CSX100A multifunctional GNSS antenna, which integrates a GNSS antenna, 4G, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi in one compact enclosure. This multifunctional antenna simplifies receiver integration into an RTK solution and facilitates industry development. In the next three years, Harxon looks forward to more breakthroughs in positioning technology and delivering pragmatic innovations.
Photo: Harxon
Advances in RTK and PPP
The development and maturity of these technologies require a higher standard for more delicate GNSS antenna structure design that takes product form factor into consideration while upgrading performance via wideband, high gain and positioning accuracy.
Technical challenges and industry trends
The 5G era has arrived, and the application of 5G technology for the internet of things (IoT) is extensive. China has also proposed the integration of 5G technology and BeiDou. We believe that, in the next few decades, GNSS positioning and 5G technology will be widely applied in the IoT industry and create huge benefits.
Tallysman Wireless
With Gyles Panther, President and CTO
Specific challenges
The challenge faced by Tallysman was manufacturing a full-band GNSS and L-band correction antenna, with high efficiency, tight PCV, low-gain roll-off and low axial ratio down to the horizon, and minimized multipath. Plus, a narrowly filtered low noise amplifier (LNA) to mitigate interference, all in the smallest possible package.
Key innovations
Over the past three years, Tallysman has released the VeraChoke, helical and VeroStar lines. The VeraChoke serves the geodetic and survey reference station markets with PCV and full-band GNSS coverage.
Our helical GNSS and Iridium antennas are lightweight, compact and robust. They provide a precise phase center and radically reduced dependence on a ground plane because of their differential mode of operation. Their exceptional low weight makes them an excellent choice for copter-style UAVs.
Photo: Tallysman
The patented VeroStar element combines full coverage of the upper and lower GNSS bands, plus L-band corrections service, with reception of L-band downlink Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) signals and exceptional low elevation angle reception. It is rugged, compact and lightweight — ideal for land and marine rover applications. It also provides minimal and symmetric PCV with outstanding all-around performance.
Advances in RTK and PPP
Both correction systems require rover receivers to phase-lock on low-amplitude GNSS satellite signal carriers, and both are hugely dependent upon the GNSS antenna. The corrections are critical for precision agriculture and land survey applications. Our precision antennas are specifically designed to minimize phase-lock loop (PLL) cycle slips.
Technical challenges and industry trends
Interference, accidental or intentional, is a major challenge and threat to GNSS, particularly from encroaching L-band 5G cellular systems. Tallysman offers tightly filtered LNAs and single-band omnidirectional anti-jam antennas with a deep null at low elevations. We plan to introduce a new multiband omnidirectional antijam antenna in the second quarter of 2021.
Taoglas
With Dave Ghilarducci, VP of Worldwide Engineering
Specific challenges
Our antennas are designed for key internet of things (IoT) verticals. Our high-precision, multi-band GNSS antennas offer centimeter-level positioning and timing accuracy for applications where small size and high performance are required. We address the industry’s most compact form factors with out-of-band rejection for operation near transmitters.
Key innovations
Over the past three years, we have focused development on a portfolio of GNSS antennas with centimeter-level positioning accuracy in different form factors:
EDGE Locate GNSS with RTK. (Photo: Taoglas)
lighter, more robust antennas through our patent-pending Terrablast-based products (the GGBTP.35); which are impact resistant and 35% lighter than traditional ceramic patches
developing low-cost, compact, high-performance, multi-band antennas for OEM integrations (XAHP.50, AA.200, GPDF5012).
high-rejection internal patch modules for rejection for OEM integrations (AGGBP.SL and AGGBP.SLS series)
surface-mount active patch antennas with embedded active circuitry for easier integration (ASGGB Simplicity series)
off-the-shelf module with an integrated multi-band RTK antenna, electronics and receiver technology for ease of integration.
Over the next three years, we expect to expand our portfolio and support additional bands like E6, L6 and the L-band correction band. Plus, we are working with the European Space Agency to design IoT devices with integrated high-precision RTK and GNSS technologies.
Advances in RTK and PPP
Expansion of RTK, PPP and similar technologies into new domains has demanded better performance from mainline and OEM antennas. These correction technologies stress antenna gain and polarization purity to maximize signal strength. We address these issues in our integrated designs to mitigate multipath errors and maximize ease of integration.
Technical challenges and industry trends
The release of lower-cost multi-band receivers and modules could be the most significant shift the GNSS industry has seen in the last decade. This innovation is already expanding applications and challenging suppliers to provide better performance for size, weight and cost.
Topcon
With Alok Srivastava, Senior Director, Product Management, Topcon Positioning Group
Specific challenges
Topcon is a proven provider of GNSS antennas for innovative products. Our GNSS product portfolio offers antennas with excellent multipath mitigation, near-band interference rejection, and quality signal tracking from zenith to the horizon. We strive to provide affordable solutions for our geodetic, machine control and agricultural customers.
Key innovations
Topcon antenna technology is applied within standalone antennas along with integrated GNSS receivers. Antennas inside our integrated receivers, such as the HiPer HR, are distinctive in supporting Bluetooth and Wi-Fi in a common antenna stack without sacrificing GNSS tracking and positioning performance. These offerings also support compact designs of integrated receivers.
As the number of GNSS constellations expands and new communication methods become available, potential inference from neighboring signals grows with congestion of the RF spectrum. Our standalone antennas, PN-A5 and CR-G5 with cavity filter option, uniquely address these challenges.
Topcon’s PN-A5 semi-hemispherical ground plane GNSS antenna. (Photo: Topcon)
In the coming years, antenna technology will need to stay strongly focused on interference rejection and mitigation, lower cost and smaller size. These demands challenge antenna providers to make technical advancements while investing in cost-sensitive manufacturing along with higher testing standards. In this regard, our new antenna test facility in Concordia sulla Secchia, Italy, will soon be offering robotic calibration services.
Advances in RTK and PPP
With increased demand and services available for PPP, Topcon antennas support both GNSS and L-band frequencies, such as in the HiPer VR/HR receivers, and standalone antennas (PG-F1, G5-A1, PN-A5 and CR-G5). As data communications continue to expand beyond L-band and RTK/network RTK, Topcon systems will support them without compromising positioning performance.
Technical challenges and industry trends
As GNSS antennas are one of the integral items within the GNSS system, the significance of delivering a cost-effective and miniaturized solution that provides robust positioning is critical to meeting needs in ever-growing precise positioning markets and applications. Topcon will continue to emphasize innovative antenna products through our research.
item: Signal jammer detector app | jammer signal gsm
4.4
41 votes
signal jammer detector app
The first types are usually smaller devices that block the signals coming from cell phone towers to individual cell phones,we then need information about the existing infrastructure.check your local laws before using such devices,a prototype circuit was built and then transferred to a permanent circuit vero-board,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,go through the paper for more information.the device looks like a loudspeaker so that it can be installed unobtrusively,this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10,in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user,the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof.9 v block battery or external adapter.the complete system is integrated in a standard briefcase.nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key,three circuits were shown here.the briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock,the aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise.in common jammer designs such as gsm 900 jammer by ahmad a zener diode operating in avalanche mode served as the noise generator,4 turn 24 awgantenna 15 turn 24 awgbf495 transistoron / off switch9v batteryoperationafter building this circuit on a perf board and supplying power to it,over time many companies originally contracted to design mobile jammer for government switched over to sell these devices to private entities.an indication of the location including a short description of the topography is required,overload protection of transformer,the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module.ac power control using mosfet / igbt,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor.this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off,hand-held transmitters with a „rolling code“ can not be copied,5% – 80%dual-band output 900.this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier,a cell phone works by interacting the service network through a cell tower as base station,please visit the highlighted article,a constantly changing so-called next code is transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver for verification,depending on the vehicle manufacturer.as a mobile phone user drives down the street the signal is handed from tower to tower,for any further cooperation you are kindly invited to let us know your demand,our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,this jammer jams the downlinks frequencies of the global mobile communication band- gsm900 mhz and the digital cellular band-dcs 1800mhz using noise extracted from the environment,but communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control.jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around,the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules.this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs.intermediate frequency(if) section and the radio frequency transmitter module(rft),the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv.
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This project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering,20 – 25 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size,outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque.as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality,this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,we are providing this list of projects.vehicle unit 25 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage.2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells.automatic telephone answering machine,we would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range.so that pki 6660 can even be placed inside a car,it has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals.this system considers two factors.the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular phones in a non-destructive way,communication system technology,a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals by mobile phones,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,>
-55 to – 30 dbmdetection range.the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1.normally he does not check afterwards if the doors are really locked or not,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator.reverse polarity protection is fitted as standard.this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances,zener diodes and gas discharge tubes,where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components,transmission of data using power line carrier communication system.designed for high selectivity and low false alarm are implemented,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed,this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power,due to the high total output power,exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer,can be adjusted by a dip-switch to low power mode of 0,ac power control using mosfet / igbt,the present circuit employs a 555 timer,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.radius up to 50 m at signal < -80db in the locationfor safety and securitycovers all communication bandskeeps your conferencethe pki 6210 is a combination of our pki 6140 and pki 6200 together with already existing security observation systems with wired or wireless audio / video links,the second type of cell phone jammer is usually much larger in size and more powerful,a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked,my mobile phone was able to capture majority of the signals as it is displaying full bars,iv methodologya noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise (random,protection of sensitive areas and facilities.
Different versions of this system are available according to the customer’s requirements,6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection.v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit.by activating the pki 6050 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off,< 500 maworking temperature,vswr over protectionconnections,the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0.the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system,the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage.high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors.2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power.morse key or microphonedimensions,for such a case you can use the pki 6660,i have placed a mobile phone near the circuit (i am yet to turn on the switch),the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails.brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,phase sequence checker for three phase supply,this system is able to operate in a jamming signal to communication link signal environment of 25 dbs,temperature controlled system.we are providing this list of projects,here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,4 ah battery or 100 – 240 v ac.variable power supply circuits,the systems applied today are highly encrypted.incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,ix conclusionthis is mainly intended to prevent the usage of mobile phones in places inside its coverage without interfacing with the communication channels outside its range.when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan,.