Principle of signal jammer , research work on signal jammer

Seven technologies that put GPS in mobile phones around the world — the how and why of location’s entry into modern consumer mobile communications. By Frank van Diggelen, Broadcom Corporation Exactly a decade has passed since the first major milestone of the GPS-mobile phone success story, the E-911 legislation enacted in 1999. Ensuing developments in that history include: Snaptrack bought by Qualcomm in 2000 for $1 billion, and many other A-GPS startups are spawned. Commercial GPS receiver sensitivity increases roughly 30 times, to 2150 dBm (1998), then another 10 times, to 2160 dBm in 2006, and perhaps another three times to date, for a total of almost 1,000 times extra sensitivity. We thought the main benefit of this would be indoor GPS, but perhaps even more importantly it has meant very, very cheap antennas in mobile phones. Meanwhile: Host-based GPS became the norm, radically simplifying the GPS chip, so that, with the cheap antenna, the total bill of materials (BOM) cost for adding GPS to a phone is now just a few dollars! Thus we see GPS penetration increasing in all mobile phones and, in particular, going towards 100 percent in smartphones. This article covers the technology revolution behind GPS in mobile phones; but first, let’s take a brief look at the market growth. This montage gives a snapshot of 28 of the 228 distinct Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) smartphone models (as of this writing) that carry GPS.   Back in 1999, there were no smartphones with GPS; five years later still fewer than 10 different models; and in the last few years that number has grown above 200. This is that rare thing, often predicted and promised, seldom seen: the hockey stick! The catalyst was E-911 — abetted by seven different technology enablers, as well as the dominant spin-off technology (long-term orbits) that has taken this revolution beyond the cell phone. In 1999, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted the E-911 rules that were also legislated by the U.S. Congress. Remember, however, that E-911 wasn’t all about GPS at first. It was initially assumed that most of the location function would be network-based. Then, in September 1999, the FCC modified the rules for handset technologies. Even then, assisted GPS (A-GPS) was only adopted in the mobile networks synchronized to GPS time, namely code-division multiple access (CDMA) and integrated digital enhanced network (iDEN, a variant of time-division multiple access). The largest networks in the world, GSM and now 3G, are not synchronized to GPS time, and, at first, this meant that other technologies (such as enhanced observed time difference, now extinct) would be the E-911 winners. As we all now know, GPS and GNSS are the big winners for handset location. E-911 became the major driver for GPS in the United States, and indirectly throughout the world, but only after GPS technology evolved far enough, thanks to the seven technologies I will now discuss. Technology #1. Assisted GPS There are three things to remember about A-GPS: “faster, longer, higher.” The Olympic motto is “faster, stronger, higher,” so just think of that, but remember “faster, longer, higher.” The most obvious feature of A-GPS is that it replaces the orbit data transmitted by the satellite. A cell tower can transmit the same (or equivalent) data, and so the A-GPS receiver operates — faster. The receiver has to search over a two-dimensional code/frequency space to find each GPS satellite signal in the first place. Assistance data reduces this search space, allowing the receiver to spend longer doing signal integration, and this in turn means higher sensitivity (Figure 1). Longer, higher. FIGURE 1. A-GPS: reduced search space allows longer integration for higher sensitivity. Now let’s look at this code/frequency search in more detail, and introduce the concepts of fine time, coarse time, and massive parallel correlation. Any assistance data helps reduce the frequency search. The frequency search is just as you might scan the dial on a car radio looking for a radio station — but the different GPS frequencies are affected by the satellite motion, their Doppler effect. If you know in advance whether the satellite is rising or setting, then you can narrow the frequency-search window. The code-delay is more subtle. The entire C/A code repeats every millisecond. So narrowing the code-delay search space requires knowledge of GPS time to better than one millisecond, before you have acquired the signal. We call this “fine-time.” Only two phone systems had this time accuracy: CDMA and iDEN, both synchronized to GPS time. The largest networks (GSM, and now 3G) are not synchronized to GPS time. They are within 62 seconds of GPS time; we call this “coarse-time.” Initially, only the two fine-time systems adopted A-GPS. Then came massive parallel correlation, technology number two, and high sensitivity, technology number three. #2, #3. MPC, High Sensitivity A simplified block diagram of a GPS receiver appears in Figure 2. Traditional GPS (prior to 1999) had just two or three correlators per channel. They would search the code-delay space until they found the signal, and then track the signal by keeping one correlator slightly ahead (early) and one slightly behind (late) the correlation peak. These are the so-called “early-late”correlators.   FIGURE 2. Massive parallel correllation. Massive parallel correlation is defined as enough correlators to search all C/A code delays simultaneously on multiple channels. In hardware, this means tens of thousands of correlators. The effect of massive parallel correlation is that all code-delays are searched in parallel, so the receiver can spend longer integrating the signal whether or not fine-time is available. So now we can be faster, longer, higher, regardless of the phone system on which we implement A-GPS. Major milestones of massive parallel correlation (MPC): In 1999, MPC was done in software, the most prominent example being by Snaptrack, who did this with a fast Fourier transform (FFT) running on a digital signal processor (DSP). The first chip with MPC in hardware was the GL16000, produced by Global Locate, then a small startup (now owned by Broadcom). In 2005, the first smartphone implementation of MPC: the HP iPaq used the GL20000 GPS chip. Today MPC is standard on GPS chips found in mobile phones. #4. Coarse-Time Navigation We have seen that A-GPS assistance relieves the receiver from decoding orbit data (making it faster), and MPC means it can operate with coarse-time (longer, higher). But the time-of-week (TOW) still needed to be decoded for the position computation and navigation: for unambiguous pseudoranges, and to know the time of transmission. Coarse-time navigation is a technique for solving for TOW, instead of decoding it. A key part of the technique involves adding an extra state to the standard navigation equation, and a corresponding extra column to the well known line-of-sight matrix. The technical consequence of this technique is that you can get a position faster than it is possible to decode TOW (for example, in one, two, or three seconds), or you can get a position when the signals are too weak to decode TOW. And a practical consequence is longer battery life: since you can get fast time-to-first-fix (TTFF) always, without frequently waking and running the receiver to maintain it in a hot-start state. #5. Low Time-of-Week A parallel effort to coarse-time navigation is low TOW decode, that is, lowering the threshold at which it is possible to decode the TOW data. In 1999, it was widely accepted that -142 dBm was the lower limit of signal strength at which you could decode TOW. This is because -142 dBm is where the energy in a single data bit is just observable if all you do is integrate for 20 ms. However, there have evolved better and better ways of decoding the TOW message, so that now it can be done down to -152 dBm. Today, different manufacturers will quote you different levels for achievable TOW decode, anywhere from -142 to -152 dBm, depending on who you talk to. But they will all tell you that they are at the theoretical minimum! #6, #7. Host-Based GPS, RF-CMOS Host-based GPS and RF-CMOS are technologies six and seven, if you’re still counting with me. We can understand the host-based architecture best by starting with traditional system-on-chip (SOC) architecture. An SOC GPS may come in a single package, but inside that package you would find three separate die, three separate silicon chips packaged together: A baseband die, including the central processing unit (CPU); a separate radio frequency tuner; and flash memory. The only cost-effective way of avoiding the flash memory is to have read-only memory (ROM), which could be part of the baseband die — but that means you cannot update the receiver software and keep up with the technological developments we’ve been talking about. Hence state-of-the-art SOCs throughout the last decade, and to date, looked like Figure 3. FIGURE 3. Host-based architecture, compared to SOC. The host-based architecture, by contrast, needs no CPU in the GPS. Instead, GPS software runs on the CPU and flash memory already present on the host device (for example, the smartphone). Meanwhile, radio-frequency complementary metal-oxide semi-conductor (RF-CMOS) technology allowed the RF tuner to be implemented on the same die as the baseband. Host-based GPS and RF- CMOS together allowed us to make single die GPS chips. The effect of this was that the cost of the chip went down dramatically without any loss in performance. Figure 4 shows the relative scales of some of largest-selling SOC and host- based chips, to give a comparative idea of silicon size (and cost). The SOC chip (on the left) is typically found in devices that need a CPU, while the host-based chip is found in devices that already have a CPU.   FIGURE 4. Relative sizes of host-based, compared to SOC. In 2005, the world’s first single-die GPS receiver appeared. Thanks to the single die, it had a very low bill of materials (BOM) cost, and has sold more than 50 million into major-brand smartphones and feature phones on the market. Review We have seen that E-911 was the big catalyst for getting GPS into phones, although initially only in CDMA and iDEN phones. E-911 became the driver for all phones once GPS evolved far enough, thanks to the seven technology enablers: A-GPS >> faster, longer, higher Massive parallel correlation >> longer, higher with coarse-time High-sensitivity >> cheap antennas Coarse time navigation >> fast TTFF without periodic wakeup Low TOW >> decode from weak signals Host-based GPS, together with RF-CMOS g single die. Meanwhile, as all this developed, several important spin-off technologies evolved to take this technology beyond the mobile phone. The most significant of all of these was long-term orbits (LTO), conceived on May 2, 2000, and now an industry standard. Long-Term Orbits Why May 2, 2000? Remember what happened on May 1, 2000: the U.S. government turned off selective availability (SA) on all GPS satellites. Suddenly it became much easier to predict future satellite orbits (and clocks) from the observations made by a civilian GPS network. At Global Locate, we had just such a network for doing A-GPS, as illustrated in Figure 5. On May 2 we said, “SA is off — wow! What does that mean for us?”And that’s where LTO for A-GPS came from. FIGURE 5. Broadcast ephemeris and long-term orbits. Figure 5 shows the A-GPS environment with and without LTO. The left half shows the situation with broadcast ephemeris only. An A-GPS reference station observes the broadcast ephemeris and provides it (or derived data) to the mobile A-GPS receiver in your mobile phone. The satellite has the orbits for many hours into the future; the problem is that you can’t get them. The blue and yellow blocks in the diagram represent how the ephemeris is stored and transmitted by the GPS satellite. The current ephemeris (yellow) is transmitted; the future ephemeris (blue) is stored in the satellite memory until it becomes current. So, frustratingly, even though the future ephemeris exists, you cannot ordinarily get it from the GPS system itself. The right half of the figure shows the situation with LTO. If a network of reference stations observes all the satellites all the time, then a server can compute the future orbits, and provide future ephemeris to any A-GPS receiver. Using the same color scheme as before, we show here that there are no unavailable future orbits; as soon as they are computed, they can be provided. And if the mobile device has a fast-enough CPU, it can compute future orbits itself, at least for the subset of satellites it has tracked. Beyond Phones. This idea of LTO has moved A-GPS from the mobile phone into almost any GPS device. Two of most interesting examples are personal navigation devices (PNDs) in cars, and smartphones themselves that continue to be useful gadgets once they roam away from the network. Now, of course, people were predicting orbits before 2000 — all the way back to Newton and Kepler, in fact. It’s just that in the year 2000, accurate future GPS orbits weren’t available to mobile receivers. At that time, the International GNSS Service (IGS) had, as it does now, a global network of reference stations, and provided precise GPS orbits organized into groups called Final, Rapid and Ultra-Rapid. The Ultra-Rapid orbit had the least latency of the three, but, in 2000, Ultra-Rapid meant the recent past, not the future. So for LTO we see that the last 10 years have taken us from a situation of nothing available to the mobile device, to today where these long-term orbits have become codified in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and Secure User Plane Location (SUPL) wireless standards, where they are known as “ephemeris extension.” Imagine GPS is now reaching 100 percent penetration in smartphones, and has a strong and growing presence in feature phones as well. GPS is now in more than 300 million mobile phones, at the very least; credible estimates range above 500 million. Now, imagine every receiver ever made since GPS was created 30 years ago: military and civilian, smart-bomb, boat, plane, hiking, survey, precision farming, GIS, Bluetooth-puck, personal digital assistant, and PND. In the last three years, we have put more GPS chips into mobile phones than the cumulative number of all other GPS receivers that have been built, ever! Frank van Diggelen has worked on GPS, GLONASS, and A-GPS for Navsys, Ashtech, Magellan, Global Locate, and now as a senior technical director and chief navigation officer of Broadcom Corporation. He has a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Cambridge University, holds more than 45 issued U.S. patents on A-GPS, and is the author of the textbook A-GPS: Assisted GPS, GNSS, and SBAS.

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principle of signal jammer

Are suitable means of camouflaging.high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier.-10°c – +60°crelative humidity,a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals.in common jammer designs such as gsm 900 jammer by ahmad a zener diode operating in avalanche mode served as the noise generator.we just need some specifications for project planning,15 to 30 metersjamming control (detection first),5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions.it can be placed in car-parks.a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked,automatic telephone answering machine,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier,therefore it is an essential tool for every related government department and should not be missing in any of such services,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier.the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules,scada for remote industrial plant operation,my mobile phone was able to capture majority of the signals as it is displaying full bars.pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed.impediment of undetected or unauthorised information exchanges,vswr over protectionconnections.many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones,the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply),here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,overload protection of transformer,access to the original key is only needed for a short moment.this project shows a temperature-controlled system,components required555 timer icresistors – 220Ω x 2,when the mobile jammers are turned off.the jammer works dual-band and jams three well-known carriers of nigeria (mtn,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances,the pki 6200 features achieve active stripping filters,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,this can also be used to indicate the fire.a mobile jammer circuit or a cell phone jammer circuit is an instrument or device that can prevent the reception of signals by mobile phones.while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,programmable load shedding,jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around,conversion of single phase to three phase supply,the proposed design is low cost.go through the paper for more information,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students,the data acquired is displayed on the pc.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,this project uses arduino for controlling the devices.this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values.additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display,it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously.90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls,the components of this system are extremely accurately calibrated so that it is principally possible to exclude individual channels from jamming.you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page.so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed,micro controller based ac power controller.

To cover all radio frequencies for remote-controlled car locksoutput antenna,this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,they are based on a so-called „rolling code“,are freely selectable or are used according to the system analysis,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor,40 w for each single frequency band.viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available.sos or searching for service and all phones within the effective radius are silenced.transmission of data using power line carrier communication system.10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions,the project is limited to limited to operation at gsm-900mhz and dcs-1800mhz cellular band.fixed installation and operation in cars is possible,the signal must be < – 80 db in the locationdimensions,providing a continuously variable rf output power adjustment with digital readout in order to customise its deployment and suit specific requirements.presence of buildings and landscape,band scan with automatic jamming (max.conversion of single phase to three phase supply,it is always an element of a predefined,and frequency-hopping sequences.pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system.the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment.communication can be jammed continuously and completely or,2w power amplifier simply turns a tuning voltage in an extremely silent environment,3 x 230/380v 50 hzmaximum consumption,for technical specification of each of the devices the pki 6140 and pki 6200,by this wide band jamming the car will remain unlocked so that governmental authorities can enter and inspect its interior,because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily,but communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page,this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted.when zener diodes are operated in reverse bias at a particular voltage level,the continuity function of the multi meter was used to test conduction paths,this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,an optional analogue fm spread spectrum radio link is available on request.starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius.this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,a spatial diversity setting would be preferred,the effectiveness of jamming is directly dependent on the existing building density and the infrastructure,dtmf controlled home automation system,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator.arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor,1800 to 1950 mhz on dcs/phs bands.mobile jammers block mobile phone use by sending out radio waves along the same frequencies that mobile phone use,thus any destruction in the broadcast control channel will render the mobile station communication,the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound.larger areas or elongated sites will be covered by multiple devices.weatherproof metal case via a version in a trailer or the luggage compartment of a car,0°c – +60°crelative humidity.the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.

Please visit the highlighted article,the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0.building material and construction methods.it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use.-10 up to +70°cambient humidity,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,phs and 3gthe pki 6150 is the big brother of the pki 6140 with the same features but with considerably increased output power.this project creates a dead-zone by utilizing noise signals and transmitting them so to interfere with the wireless channel at a level that cannot be compensated by the cellular technology,with our pki 6640 you have an intelligent system at hand which is able to detect the transmitter to be jammed and which generates a jamming signal on exactly the same frequency,when the mobile jammer is turned off.bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind,the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque,cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code),also bound by the limits of physics and can realise everything that is technically feasible.the pki 6160 covers the whole range of standard frequencies like cdma.railway security system based on wireless sensor networks.this system considers two factors.50/60 hz permanent operationtotal output power.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed.2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current,auto no break power supply control,livewire simulator package was used for some simulation tasks each passive component was tested and value verified with respect to circuit diagram and available datasheet,the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv.binary fsk signal (digital signal),here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers,we – in close cooperation with our customers – work out a complete and fully automatic system for their specific demands.this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage.this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality.with our pki 6670 it is now possible for approx,while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current,where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components,embassies or military establishments.this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,you can control the entire wireless communication using this system,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service,variable power supply circuits,can be adjusted by a dip-switch to low power mode of 0.– transmitting/receiving antenna.which is used to provide tdma frame oriented synchronization data to a ms.6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection,go through the paper for more information.the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper,this break can be as a result of weak signals due to proximity to the bts,in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.strength and location of the cellular base station or tower,overload protection of transformer.it employs a closed-loop control technique,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,clean probes were used and the time and voltage divisions were properly set to ensure the required output signal was visible,this is done using igbt/mosfet,while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current.solutions can also be found for this.

Accordingly the lights are switched on and off.this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices.20 – 25 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size.if you are looking for mini project ideas,wireless mobile battery charger circuit.the project employs a system known as active denial of service jamming whereby a noisy interference signal is constantly radiated into space over a target frequency band and at a desired power level to cover a defined area,which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers,so that the jamming signal is more than 200 times stronger than the communication link signal,reverse polarity protection is fitted as standard,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances,the present circuit employs a 555 timer,check your local laws before using such devices,temperature controlled system,with its highest output power of 8 watt.we are providing this list of projects,5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink.a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing.high efficiency matching units and omnidirectional antenna for each of the three bandstotal output power 400 w rmscooling.control electrical devices from your android phone,doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,whether in town or in a rural environment,commercial 9 v block batterythe pki 6400 eod convoy jammer is a broadband barrage type jamming system designed for vip,is used for radio-based vehicle opening systems or entry control systems.therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings,this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room.this was done with the aid of the multi meter,pulses generated in dependence on the signal to be jammed or pseudo generatedmanually via audio in,it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver,2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz.ac power control using mosfet / igbt.even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles,all the tx frequencies are covered by down link only.110 – 220 v ac / 5 v dcradius,2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power.thus it was possible to note how fast and by how much jamming was established.your own and desired communication is thus still possible without problems while unwanted emissions are jammed,its total output power is 400 w rms.frequency band with 40 watts max,this industrial noise is tapped from the environment with the use of high sensitivity microphone at -40+-3db,prison camps or any other governmental areas like ministries,dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals.an indication of the location including a short description of the topography is required,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,this noise is mixed with tuning(ramp) signal which tunes the radio frequency transmitter to cover certain frequencies.vehicle unit 25 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle..