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Permanent Link to Year-long ocean cruise finds GNSS interference…everywhere
A year-long project aboard a commercial cargo ship collected tens of thousands of snapshots of radio-frequency interference in the GNSS band on a passage from Spain to Korea and back. Most interference was detected in busy port areas, less interference while transiting along coasts, and while least frequent, interference was still found in the open ocean.
Researchers at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) are still analyzing the vast amount of GNSS disruption data collected during the year-long project. Two papers have already been published about this project, and more are on the way, according to principle researcher Emilio Pérez Marcos.
In a paper presented at the Institute of Navigation last year, Marcos and his co-authors outlined the results of the last five months of this unique sampling experiment. Detection equipment was mounted on a large Hapag-Lloyd container ship. The antenna was mounted about 50 meters above the water line and provided a line-of-sight of 25km or more. The L1/E1 and L5/E5a frequency bands were continuously monitored. In addition to a “Snapshot” recording device used to save raw data samples (time snapshots), a more resilient DLR multi-antenna receiver was used to assess the impact of interferences in beamforming array GNSS receivers (semi-resilient).
As might be expected, the most interference was detected in busy port areas. Less interference was experienced while transiting along coasts. While it was the least frequent, interference was still detected during open ocean transits.
Table: Emilio Pérez Marcos and co-authors
Of the 39,045 snapshots recorded, 6,632 contained radio frequency interference at 1dB or higher. Separate tests have shown that many single antenna GNSS receivers begin to perform poorly with interference signals greater than 1dB. The other 32,413 snapshots could represent interference signals that may have come from weaker transmitters, sources more distant from the ship, been the result of adjacent band transmissions, or other phenomena.
Three particularly strong and persistent interference incidents were noted in the paper.
The first was detected when the vessel was transiting the Suez Canal northbound. The interference lasted around five hours and 60km. At several points the interference prevented the DLR semi-resilient GNSS receiver from working properly, which would mean that any single antenna GNSS receiver would cease to function completely.
Vessel going north in Suez Canal. RFI detectable during approx. 60 km. Inset: Eigenvalues during the 5 hours that the RFI was detectable. (Graphic: Emilio Pérez Marcos)
The second caused the DLR receiver to fail when the vessel was entering Jebel Ali, the port of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. The DLR receiver provided some resilience thanks to its beamforming capabilities; again any other receiver would have suffered the interference effects earlier being unable to provide any PVT. The receiver did not return to proper operation for 11 days and 5,000km. The reason for this is uncertain and under investigation.
Particularly strong interference (45dB) caused the third incident and resulted in the DLR receiver failing for three days. It began when the ship was entered the highly trafficked Malacca Straits.
The equipment used also allowed researchers to determine direction of arrival for the interfering signals and to evaluate whether the interference was a spoofing signal.
For the reported strong interference events, DLR consulted the captain of the ship, who attested and confirmed the loss of PVT in the ship’s own GNSS receiver, with all the consequences that this implies for the systems that rely on it.
The paper, “Interference and Spoofing Detection for GNSS Maritime Applications,” was presented at the ION GNSS+ conference in Miami in September of 2018. It described the last phase of a yearlong measurement effort aboard the ship by DLR. An earlier phase of the campaign has also been published in E. P. Marcos et al., “Interference awareness and characterization for GNSS maritime applications,” 2018 IEEE/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium (PLANS), Monterey, CA, 2018.
The authors are preparing additional papers to describe more of the results from the larger project.
Feature image: Emilio Pérez Marcos
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Several possibilities are available.5% – 80%dual-band output 900.our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0.this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink,this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,a mobile jammer circuit is an rf transmitter,several noise generation methods include,jammer disrupting the communication between the phone and the cell phone base station in the tower.as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller.please visit the highlighted article,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors.– transmitting/receiving antenna,by activating the pki 6050 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off.-20°c to +60°cambient humidity,in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user,this task is much more complex,information including base station identity.mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers,deactivating the immobilizer or also programming an additional remote control.this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices,it is required for the correct operation of radio system,this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,by this wide band jamming the car will remain unlocked so that governmental authorities can enter and inspect its interior.
860 to 885 mhztx frequency (gsm),are freely selectable or are used according to the system analysis,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,complete infrastructures (gsm,6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed.all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle,40 w for each single frequency band,v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit,so that pki 6660 can even be placed inside a car.this jammer jams the downlinks frequencies of the global mobile communication band- gsm900 mhz and the digital cellular band-dcs 1800mhz using noise extracted from the environment,the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality,we would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range,the duplication of a remote control requires more effort.even temperature and humidity play a role.morse key or microphonedimensions.ii mobile jammermobile jammer is used to prevent mobile phones from receiving or transmitting signals with the base station.with its highest output power of 8 watt,in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller,if you are looking for mini project ideas.programmable load shedding,please visit the highlighted article.
Load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit,many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones,2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current.therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings.bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind,the systems applied today are highly encrypted.and like any ratio the sign can be disrupted.outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque.it has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals,conversion of single phase to three phase supply.so that we can work out the best possible solution for your special requirements,whether in town or in a rural environment.wireless mobile battery charger circuit.this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,this project uses arduino for controlling the devices,outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,.