BeiDou Signals, Future Receiver Design Highlighted at Stanford PNT Symposium
By James D. Litton and Tom Langenstein
James L. Litton
The Stanford Center for Position, Navigation and Time conducted its eighth symposium on PNT in October 2014. These symposia have always been a superb two (this year three) days of excellent presentations, ranging over the entire domain of PNT, including policy factors as well as technical ones.
This year the first day featured student speakers, either from Stanford or the students of former Stanford students who are now faculty at other universities. The conference is by invitation only; sponsors include Lockheed Martin, Boeing, and other companies involved with GNSS. This essay highlights two presentations that struck us as harbingers of change in the industry: Greg Turetzky’s paper on ubiquitous location, and Minquan Lu’s and Zheng Yao’s paper on new signal structures for BeiDou.
Brad Parkinson gave a keynote address mixing challenges and opportunities from the frontiers of policy formation. David Last did not fail to amuse with his lighthearted and satirical commentary on navigation and society at dinner. Many others gave noteworthy presentations, and all of the presentation slides can be found online.
Tom Langenstein
Both papers that we selected for this article have very broad scope with considerable strategic significance in GNSS design and applications. It seems a little impertinent, as well as superficial, to try to convey their essence in fewer than 2,000 words, but the material presented is available elsewhere, too.
New Signal Structures for BeiDou
Professors Mingquan Lu and Zheng Yao of Tsinghua University laid out in clear and detailed fashion the motivations for BeiDou’s choosing to introduce new signals for the Phase III global system, analyses of alternative modulations, and the results of bench testing in service to the desired properties (interoperability, acquisition and tracking thresholds, receiver complexity, in-band interference, and so on).
They emphasized one non-technical or operational motivation: independent proprietary designs for patent protection. No declaration of policy intention was made; however, the direction was clear, even though the authors are university professors and not government officials.
Some of this work has been published elsewhere in IEEE Transactions by the same authors and has a substantial history, reflecting the lessons learned from the predecessor system designs and very thorough analysis, simulation and bench testing. Space does not allow extensive citation, but the key drivers for the designs and the results are summarized below. The preferred modulations chosen or synthesized are quadrature multiplexed binary offset carrier (QMBOC) for B1C and asymmetric constant envelope-binary offset carrier (ACE-BOC).
The principal deficiencies cited of the earlier-proposed BeiDou Phase III signals (circa 2010-ICG) were given as:
no independent intellectual property rights; thus, a big patent risk
signal performance needs to be improved
more flexible receiving modes and more varied application scenarios should be considered.
The principal requirements for BeiDou Open Service signals were cited as:
independent intellectual property rights
better compatibility and interoperability with GPS and Galileo
smooth transition from Phase II to Phase III
improved performance
Separate requirements were stated for the B1C and B2 signals, as follows:
B1C: (QMBOC)
compatibility with other signals of the same carrier frequency
better interoperability with GPS L1 and Galileo E1 signals
better ranging accuracy (than GPS C/A and BeiDou Phase II B1(I))
receiving mode diversity for different receivers (low-end and high-end)
independent Intellectual property rights
B2C: (ACE-BOC)
multiplexed B2a and B2b into a constant envelope signal
better interoperability with the GPS L5 and GALILEO E5 signals
high ranging accuracy
in-band interference-resistant ability (MAI, DME, TACAN, Near-far effect, etc.)
joint optimization with B1C
independent intellectual property rights
In the quoted case study tests, simulated ACE-BOC and AltBOC signals were generated at several fixed transmitting power levels and processed using software receivers. For each given transmit power level, the ACE-BOC was allotted three times power for the pilot channel over that of the data channel while the AltBOC allocated equal amount of power for both the pilot and the data channel, that is, 3:1 for ACE-BOC and 1:1 for AltBOC.
The resulting tracking performance of the ACE-BOC is more robust than that of the AltBOC.
Table 1, taken from the presentation, provides an overview of the signals.
Table 1. New signal structures proposed for BeiDou.
The compatibility properties of the new signals, if adopted, which seems quite likely, are desirable. The implicit intellectual property aspects of the development, both in motivation and in differential design of a signal structure which seems to be claimed as novel have a defensive basis, apparently, in earlier assertions of proprietary designs. It will be interesting to see whether similar international negotiations follow, or perhaps already have. The paper was well received and stimulated considerable hallway comment.
Ubiquitous Location
Turetzky’s paper laid out the phenomenal growth of location-based services and the implications of such growth for design requirements in GNSS-wireless at the user device level and at the silicon level. On growth (from various quoted sources):
The compound annual growth rate of GNSS devices will continue, from its current 22 percent level to a robust 9 percent for the years 2016-2022; heading for seven billion installed units by 2022.
The cumulative core revenue in the decade 2012-2022 will be 46 percent in LBS portable and wearable devices and 47+ percent in vehicles.
There will be many billions of installations of indoor location technologies by 2018, in virtually every venue imaginable.
Some of the design implications of the requirements driving the growth in indoor location are:
Always Located, or continuous location. For this case, the energy dissipated per day (16 hours) and signal availability (100 percent) are the featured specification and the secondary specification, respectively. These specifications, in turn, require hybrid constellations and minimal standby power consumption.
The scaling down to very small (14 nanometer) dimensions enables much faster switching speeds, search rates and lower power dissipation in active modes and more complex algorithms, but at the expense of leakage current, which adversely affects standby power, an increasingly important factor.
Thus, for GNSS design, the challenges are to:
Take advantage of benefits of smaller geometries to achieve higher clock speeds, more memory, lower active power and smaller size, while greatly reducing standby power from leakage;
Incorporate new methodologies at chip and system design level; Integrate multiple radios on a single die to reduce cost and size without creating interference to a very sensitive GNSS radio;
Integrate multiple radio sources into a single location solution;
Bring together a disparate value chain;
Turetzky outlined a vision for his employer, Intel, to be a leader in all aspects of these revolutionary developments. The technology roadmaps embrace most modalities of positioning: GNSS, Bluetooth, WI-Fi, cellular, and SBAS, and cross most platforms, including wearables. We think that another, unemphasized challenge is in the increasing density of these units with the current specifications on out-of-band-emissions and the spectrum sharing and spectrum management factors in the ubiquity of the devices.
From Greg Turetzky’s Ubiquitous Location paper, presented at Stanford PNT Symposium.
Tune in to our free webinar Receiver Design for the Future, with Greg Turetzky of Stanford speaking on Ubiquitous Location, scheduled for Jan. 15 (1 p.m. EST/ 10 a.m. PST/ 6 p.m. GMT). Register today!
Both papers represented the dynamism of our industry and its diversity of technologies and practitioners and the service to that industry provided by the remarkably consistent excellence of this symposium.
James D. Litton heads the Litton Consulting Group and previously played key executive roles at NavCom Technology and Magnavox.
Tom Langenstein is executive director of the Stanford Center for Position, Navigation, and Time, and deputy program manager of the Gravity Probe-B project.
item: Phone signal jammer circuit | mobile phone signal jammer mini project
4.4
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phone signal jammer circuit
Where the first one is using a 555 timer ic and the other one is built using active and passive components,the complete system is integrated in a standard briefcase,government and military convoys.the frequencies extractable this way can be used for your own task forces,armoured systems are available.we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students.some powerful models can block cell phone transmission within a 5 mile radius,all mobile phones will automatically re- establish communications and provide full service,for any further cooperation you are kindly invited to let us know your demand,this industrial noise is tapped from the environment with the use of high sensitivity microphone at -40+-3db.this is as well possible for further individual frequencies,this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable.this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,1900 kg)permissible operating temperature.3 w output powergsm 935 – 960 mhz,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily.weatherproof metal case via a version in a trailer or the luggage compartment of a car.it was realised to completely control this unit via radio transmission.a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,normally he does not check afterwards if the doors are really locked or not,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,portable personal jammers are available to unable their honors to stop others in their immediate vicinity [up to 60-80feet away] from using cell phones,band scan with automatic jamming (max,completely autarkic and mobile,this allows a much wider jamming range inside government buildings,this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,this break can be as a result of weak signals due to proximity to the bts,therefore it is an essential tool for every related government department and should not be missing in any of such services.a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max.ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions.designed for high selectivity and low false alarm are implemented.arduino are used for communication between the pc and the motor.transmitting to 12 vdc by ac adapterjamming range – radius up to 20 meters at < -80db in the locationdimensions,which is used to provide tdma frame oriented synchronization data to a ms,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor,2 w output power3g 2010 – 2170 mhz.as a mobile phone user drives down the street the signal is handed from tower to tower,1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800.frequency counters measure the frequency of a signal,230 vusb connectiondimensions,this system considers two factors.its versatile possibilities paralyse the transmission between the cellular base station and the cellular phone or any other portable phone within these frequency bands,this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating.this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object.we are providing this list of projects,please visit the highlighted article.a mobile phone jammer prevents communication with a mobile station or user equipment by transmitting an interference signal at the same frequency of communication between a mobile stations a base transceiver station,you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page.that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator,programmable load shedding,this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off,variable power supply circuits.as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year.the proposed design is low cost,in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user.2100-2200 mhztx output power.my mobile phone was able to capture majority of the signals as it is displaying full bars,2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz.bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind,this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs.
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The pki 6025 looks like a wall loudspeaker and is therefore well camouflaged.this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,2 w output powerdcs 1805 – 1850 mhz,depending on the already available security systems,pll synthesizedband capacity.phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,the data acquired is displayed on the pc,the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device.you can control the entire wireless communication using this system,so that we can work out the best possible solution for your special requirements,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display,as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality.this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,the signal must be < – 80 db in the locationdimensions,the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules.the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing,intermediate frequency(if) section and the radio frequency transmitter module(rft),jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around,the data acquired is displayed on the pc.the proposed design is low cost,this project shows a temperature-controlled system,industrial (man- made) noise is mixed with such noise to create signal with a higher noise signature,are suitable means of camouflaging,due to the high total output power.load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit,-20°c to +60°cambient humidity,this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,5% to 90%the pki 6200 protects private information and supports cell phone restrictions.i have designed two mobile jammer circuits.this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,noise generator are used to test signals for measuring noise figure.integrated inside the briefcase,frequency band with 40 watts max,band selection and low battery warning led.whether copying the transponder,5% – 80%dual-band output 900.the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment.most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius,standard briefcase – approx.radio transmission on the shortwave band allows for long ranges and is thus also possible across borders,from the smallest compact unit in a portable.three circuits were shown here,a user-friendly software assumes the entire control of the jammer.upon activating mobile jammers.90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own,the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0.whether voice or data communication.this project shows a temperature-controlled system,we would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range,conversion of single phase to three phase supply.we have designed a system having no match.such as propaganda broadcasts,– active and passive receiving antennaoperating modes.the zener diode avalanche serves the noise requirement when jammer is used in an extremely silet environment,2100 to 2200 mhz on 3g bandoutput power.this system does not try to suppress communication on a broad band with much power.40 w for each single frequency band.the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply).soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller.viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available.
Generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,at every frequency band the user can select the required output power between 3 and 1,a spatial diversity setting would be preferred,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1.you can copy the frequency of the hand-held transmitter and thus gain access,vswr over protectionconnections.the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1.they go into avalanche made which results into random current flow and hence a noisy signal,a mobile phone might evade jamming due to the following reason.large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building,railway security system based on wireless sensor networks,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room,using this circuit one can switch on or off the device by simply touching the sensor.the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque.the frequencies are mostly in the uhf range of 433 mhz or 20 – 41 mhz.impediment of undetected or unauthorised information exchanges,in contrast to less complex jamming systems,this project shows charging a battery wirelessly,it employs a closed-loop control technique,the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition.even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles.whether in town or in a rural environment,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly.4 turn 24 awgantenna 15 turn 24 awgbf495 transistoron / off switch9v batteryoperationafter building this circuit on a perf board and supplying power to it,the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section.while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current,this is also required for the correct operation of the mobile,its called denial-of-service attack,are freely selectable or are used according to the system analysis,50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time,the operating range does not present the same problem as in high mountains,this system considers two factors,dtmf controlled home automation system.when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan,by activating the pki 6100 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off.here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc,this task is much more complex.cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code),brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range,nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key,power grid control through pc scada.here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring,5 kgkeeps your conversation quiet and safe4 different frequency rangessmall sizecovers cdma,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range,please visit the highlighted article,the transponder key is read out by our system and subsequently it can be copied onto a key blank as often as you like,110 – 220 v ac / 5 v dcradius,control electrical devices from your android phone,power grid control through pc scada.selectable on each band between 3 and 1.blocking or jamming radio signals is illegal in most countries,the aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise.it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use.
Solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller.the frequency blocked is somewhere between 800mhz and1900mhz,variable power supply circuits.and cell phones are even more ubiquitous in europe,12 v (via the adapter of the vehicle´s power supply)delivery with adapters for the currently most popular vehicle types (approx,fixed installation and operation in cars is possible,this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology,deactivating the immobilizer or also programming an additional remote control.auto no break power supply control,load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit,thus it can eliminate the health risk of non-stop jamming radio waves to human bodies,50/60 hz transmitting to 24 vdcdimensions.vswr over protectionconnections,the jammer is portable and therefore a reliable companion for outdoor use..