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Permanent Link to Dynamic Duo: Combined GPS/GLONASS Receivers in Urban Environments
By Cillian O’Driscoll, Gérard Lachapelle, and Mohamed Tamazin, University of Calgary
The impact of adding GLONASS to HS-GPS is assessed using a software receiver operating in an actual urban canyon environment. Results are compared with standard and high sensitivity GNSS receivers and show a significant improvement in the availability of position solutions when GLONASS is added. An assisted high sensitivity receiver architecture is introduced which enables high fidelity signal measurements even in degraded environments.
High-sensitivity (HS) GNSS receivers have flourished in the last decade. A variety of advances in signal-processing techniques and technologies have led to a thousandfold decrease in the minimum useable signal power, permitting use of GNSS, in particular GPS, in many environments where it was previously impossible.
Despite these recent advances, the issue of availability remains: in many scenarios there are simply too few satellites in view with detectable signals and a good geometry to compute a position solution. Of course, one way to improve this situation is to increase the number of satellites in view. GLONASS has been undergoing an accelerated revitalization program of late, such that there are currently more than 20 active GLONASS satellites on orbit. The combined use of GPS and GLONASS in a high-sensitivity receiver is a logical one, providing a near two-thirds increase in the number of satellites available for use.
The urban canyon environment is one in which the issue of signal availability is particularly important. The presence of large buildings leads to frequent shadowing of signals, which can only be overcome by increasing the number of satellites in the sky. Even if sufficient satellites are visible, the geometric dilution of precision can often be large, leading to large errors in position.
This work focuses on the advantages of using a combined GPS/GLONASS receiver in comparison to a GPS-only receiver in urban canyons. The target application is location-based services, so only single frequency (L1) operation is considered. We collected and assessed vehicular kinematic data in a typical North American urban canyon, using a commercially available high-sensitivity GPS-only receiver, a commercial survey-grade GPS/GLONASS receiver, and a state-of-the-art software receiver capable of processing both GPS and GLONASS in standard or high-sensitivity modes.
Processing Strategies
The standard (scalar-tracking) GNSS receiver architecture is shown in Figure 1. In the context of this article, the key characteristic of a standard receiver is that the signals from the different satellites are each tracked in parallel and independent tracking channels, and usually only three correlators are used. The information from the channels is only combined in the navigation filter to estimate position, velocity, and time. In this way, there is no sharing of information between channels in order to attempt to improve tracking performance.
Figure 1. Standard receiver architecture (courtesy Petovello et al).
Within each channel, the down-converted and filtered samples from the front end (not shown in Figure 1) are then passed to a signal-processing function where Doppler-removal (baseband mixing) and correlation (de-spreading) is performed. The correlator outputs are then passed to an error-determination function consisting of discriminators (typically one for code, frequency, and phase) and loop filters. The loop filters aim to remove noise from the discriminator outputs without affecting the desired signal. Finally, the local signal generators — whose output is used during Doppler removal and correlation — are updated using the loop-filter output.
Assisted HS GNSS Receiver. The assisted HS GNSS receiver architecture used in this work is shown in Figure 2. Notable differences to the standard receiver architecture are highlighted in red.
Figure 2. Assisted high-sensitivity receiver architecture.
Assistance information is provided in the form of broadcast ephemerides, raw data bits, and a nominal trajectory (position and velocity) that would normally be generated by the receiver. At each measurement epoch, the receiver uses the nominal position and velocity in conjunction with the ephemerides to compute the nominal pseudorange and pseudorange rate for each satellite in view. These parameters are passed to the signal-processing channels. Each channel evaluates a grid of correlators around the nominal pseudorange (code) and pseudorange rate (Doppler) values. The data bits are wiped off using the assistance information to permit long coherent integration times. For each signal tracked, the correlator grid is used to estimate code and Doppler offsets relative to the nominal values. These estimates are then used to generate accurate pseudorange and Doppler estimates.
The number of correlators used and the spacing of these correlators in the code and frequency domains are completely configurable. A sample correlation grid computed during live data processing is illustrated in Figure 3. Measurements are generated by choosing the three correlators nearest the peak in the search space and using a quadratic fit to determine a better estimate of the peak location. In this work, a total of 55 correlators per channel were used.
Figure 3. Sample grid of correlator points computed for GPS PRN 04.
The assisted HS receiver is initialized in static mode in an open-sky setting during which reliable clock bias and drift estimates are derived. A high-quality oven-controlled crystal oscillator was used during this initial test to ensure that the clock drift did not change significantly over the period of the test (approximately 20 minutes). The clock bias during the test is updated using the clock drift estimate.
Note that this architecture is a generalization of the vector-based architecture, where the navigation solution used to aid the signal processing can be provided by an external reference.
Navigation Solution Processing. All navigation solution results presented here are obtained in single-point mode using an epoch-by-epoch least-squares solution with the PLAN Group C3NavG2 software, which uses both code and Doppler measurements. This processing strategy enables a fair comparison amongst the different signal processing strategies, as the smoothing effect of specific navigation filters is eliminated by this approach. More realistic accuracy estimates of the measured pseudoranges can be obtained. It is understood that in an operational environment, a well-tuned filter will obtain significantly better navigation performance than the epoch-by-epoch solutions presented here.
The measurements are weighted using a standard-elevation-dependent scheme. Thus there is no attempt to tune the weighting scheme for each receiver.
Data Collection
To test the relative performance of the various processing strategies, we conducted a test in downtown Calgary. Data was collected using a commercial HS GPS receiver, a commercial survey grade GPS/GLONASS receiver, and an RF downconverter and digitizer. The digitized data was post-processed in two modes (standard and assisted HS GNSS) using the PLAN group software receiver GSNRx.
Raw measurements were logged from each of the commercial receivers at a 1-second interval. The parameters used in GSNRx are given in Table 1.
The trajectory followed is shown in Figure 4. The majority of the route was travelled in an East-West direction, with significant signal masking to the North and South. The Opening Photo shows an aerial view of downtown Calgary where the test took place. Masking angles exceeded 75 degrees along the vehicle trajectory.
Figure 4. Test Trajectory where the route is approximately 4 km with a 10 minute travel time.
A sky plot of the satellites visible above a 5-degree elevation mask at the test location is shown in Figure 5. A total of 11 GPS and seven GLONASS satellites were present.
Figure 5. Skyplot of GPS and GLONASS satellites over Calgary at the start of the test.
A static period of approximately three minutes duration was used to initialize the assisted HS GNSS processing. During this period, the vehicle had a largely clear view of the sky. Nevertheless, three satellites were blocked from view during this period, namely GPS SVs 13 and 3, and GLONASS SV 22. As a result, these SVs were not available for processing in the assisted HS GNSS mode. The two commercial receivers were already up and running prior to the initialization period and so were able to process these three low-elevation satellites when they came into view during the test. See PHOTO on next page for a typical scene during the downtown test.
Analysis
To study the impact of adding GLONASS, the analysis focuses on solution availability, the number of satellites used in each solution, the DOP associated with each solution, and the statistics of the least-squares solution residuals. In the absence of a reference solution, the statistics of the residuals nevertheless give a reasonable indication of the quality of the measurements used, provided sufficient measurements are available to ensure redundancy in the solution. Nevertheless, some pseudorange errors will be absorbed by the navigation solution, hence the statistics of the residuals can be viewed as only a good estimate of the quality of the measurements themselves.
Solution Availability. As previously discussed, the navigation processing strategy adopted is the same for all receivers used in the test. A single-point epoch-by-epoch least-squares solution is computed at a 1 Hz rate. If there are insufficient satellites in view at a given epoch, or the solution fails to converge in 10 iterations, no solution is computed. In this section, the analysis focuses on the percentage of epochs during the downtown portion of the test for which a solution was computed.
Figure 6 shows the percentage of solutions computed for each receiver processing strategy as a function of HDOP and VDOP thresholds, respectively. Thus, for example, the assisted HS GPS-GLONASS processing strategy yielded navigation solutions with a HDOP less than 6 between 80 percent and 85 percent of the time. For larger DOP thresholds, it is clear that there is little difference between GPS-only processing and GPS+GLONASS processing. The biggest differences are caused by the processing strategies employed. The advantages of HS processing are clear, at least in terms of solution availability. For this test and the particular geometry of the satellites in view during the test, GPS+GLONASS processing does yield a noticeable improvement in the VDOP, particularly at lower thresholds.
Figure 6A. Percentage solution availability versus HDOP threshold.
Figure 6B. Percentage solution availability versus VDOP threshold.
Note that the standalone HS GPS receiver exhibits greater solution availability than the assisted software HS GPS-GLONASS receiver at higher DOP thresholds. This is most likely due to the low-elevation satellites that were excluded from the assisted HS processing due to their being masked during the initialization period as discussed earlier. Overall, however, there is little difference between GPS-only processing and GPS-GLONASS processing in terms of solution availability. This fact, of course, does not yield any information on the quality of the solutions obtained, which is discussed later.
To gain further insight into the impact of GLONASS, Figure 7 shows the percentage of solutions computed that exhibit redundancy. Thus, of all solutions computed during the downtown portion of the test, Figure 7 illustrates the percentage of those solutions that have redundant measurements. For GPS-only processing, this implies that five or more measurements were used in computing the position, while for GPS-GLONASS processing a minimum of six measurements were required. In this case, the advantage of using GLONASS becomes more apparent. For all processing strategies the addition of GLONASS yields an increase of 5 to 10 percent in the number of solutions with redundancy. Although not studied herein, this would have a positive impact on fault detection.
Residuals Analysis
To investigate the quality of the measurements generated by each processing strategy, the residuals from the least-squares solutions are studied. Only those epochs for which redundant solutions are computed are considered here, since non-redundant solutions lead to residuals with values of zero. As discussed above, the analysis of these residuals gives an estimate of the quality of the measurements generated.
Figure 8 shows the histograms of the residuals from all GPS-GLONASS processing strategies. Once again, it is important to emphasize that only residuals from solutions with redundancy are considered. In addition, the results presented are limited to those epochs during which the vehicle was in the downtown portion of the test. For the purposes of this presentation an upper GDOP threshold of 10 was set.
It is interesting to note that in all cases (assisted HS, standard wide correlator, and commercial survey-grade processing), the relative RMS values of the GPS and GLONASS residuals are about the same. These results indicate that, irrespective of the signal-processing strategy employed, the GLONASS measurements are of a similar quality to the GPS measurements. The number of residuals available is however different between the standard and HS solutions, as the latter produce more measurements and more redundant solutions, hence more residuals. The processing strategy obviously had a significant impact on the availability of redundant solutions as discussed in the previous section.
Figure 8A. GPS-GLONASS range residuals comparison: assisted HS-GPS-GLONASS. RMS values and the percentage of solutions used in the histogram are also shown.
Figure 8B. GPS-GLONASS range residuals comparison: standard wide correlator. RMS values and the percentage of solutions used in the histogram are also shown.
Figure 8C. GPS-GLONASS range residuals comparison: survey-grade receiver. RMS values and the percentage of solutions used in the histogram are also shown.
Figure 9 shows the histograms of the range residuals from GPS-only processing. In this case, the navigation solution is a GPS-only navigation solution, though in the case of the assisted HS receiver the measurements used are identical to those used in Figure 8.
Clearly the assisted HS receiver has a greater availability of redundant solutions compared to the standalone receiver, which is to be expected. Also, the assisted HS GPS receiver residuals have a slighter lower RMS than when a GPS-GLONASS implementation was considered, indicating that the navigation solution absorbs more of the measurement errors in this case.
Figure 9A. GPS range residuals comparison, assisted HS GPS.
Figure 9B. GPS range residuals comparison, commercial standalone HS GPS.
Position Domain Results
The final stage of the analysis is a comparison of the trajectories computed using each of the receiver types. While no truth solution was available for this test, a highly filtered navigation solution from the high-sensitivity commercial receiver was used as a nominal reference. This trajectory is shown in black in the following figures.
Figure 10 shows the trajectories obtained using standard wide-correlator processing. The position solutions are quite accurate, but the availability is low, namely of the order of 30 percent as shown above. The addition of GLONASS does improve the availability in this case. The accuracy is not significantly improved. In fact it appears that the addition of GLONASS occasionally leads to biases in the navigation solutions, likely solutions with high DOP values.
Figure 10. Trajectory obtained with standard wide correlator processing.
Figure 11 shows the trajectories computed using the commercial receivers. The survey-grade receiver yields less noisy positions, though the addition of GLONASS does lead to some significant outliers. The position availability is lower as discussed earlier. Similar to the standard wide-correlator processing case, the addition of GLONASS again appears to introduce an error in the solution during some epochs (for example, at a northing of about 500 meters between 100 and 500 meters easting).
Figure 11. Trajectories obtained from the commercial receivers.
Finally, Figure 12 shows the trajectories obtained from the assisted HS receiver. In this case, the position solutions are significantly less noisy than in previous cases, in addition to being more available. The quality of the GPS-only and GPS+GLONASS results is broadly similar, with perhaps more outliers in the GPS-GLONASS case, due to the reason mentioned earlier.
Figure 12. Trajectories obtained using assisted HS GPS-GLONASS processing.
In summary, it would appear that the greatest benefit of GLONASS in this test was in the provision of greater redundancy in the navigation solution, in addition to potential better reliability, although the latter remains to be confirmed. With GLONASS approaching full operational capability, it is to be expected that the increased GLONASS constellation will lead to further improvements in terms of availability, DOP, and reliability.
Coherent Integration Time
From the preceding analysis it is clear that the assisted HS GNSS processing strategy yielded the best performance. To evaluate the impact of the coherent integration time on performance, the data was re-processed with a coherent integration time of 300 milliseconds (ms), instead of the 100 ms used for the data presented so far. The resulting trajectories are shown in Figure 13.
It is interesting to note that increasing the receiver sensitivity in this way does not yield better navigation performance. In fact, in the urban canyon environment, the major issue is not the signal attenuation (which can be overcome by increased coherent integration) but rather the multipath effect. By increasing the coherent integration time to 300 ms, the receiver becomes more sensitive to dynamics, resulting in poorer navigation performance.
Figure 13. Trajectories obtained using assisted HS GPS-GLONASS processing (300 ms integration time).
Discussion
High-sensitivity processing in urban canyon environments is a very effective means of improving navigation performance. Given the discussion above, however, it is clear that the performance is not limited by the strength of the received signal, but rather by the effect of multipath and satellite geometry.
The advantage of high-sensitivity processing in this case is two-fold. The first advantage over standard tracking techniques is the open-loop nature of HS processing. The time-varying nature of the multipath channel causes significant variation in signal level. This variation can cause traditional tracking loops to lose lock. In fact, the poor performance of the standard wide-correlator strategy in the above analysis can be explained by the fact that the receiver was unable to maintain lock on the satellites in view. Hence no measurements were generated, and no solutions computed. The survey-grade receiver used has advanced multipath mitigation technology, which helped to avoid loss of lock, but may have been tracking non-line-of-sight signals during portion of the down-town test, leading to errors in the navigation solution.
The second advantage of HS processing is related to the coherent integration time and the vehicle dynamics. As the receiver antenna moves through the multipath environment, a different Doppler shift is observed on signals coming from different directions. Thus the line-of-sight and multipath components become separated in frequency. A longer coherent integration time increases the frequency resolution of the correlator output (due to the familiar sinc shape). Thus if the line-of-sight is present, and the coherent integration time is long relative to the inverse of the Doppler difference between the line-of-sight and reflected signals, individual peaks become visible in the grid of correlators. This effect can significantly reduce the impact of multipath on the measurements. Figure 14 gives an example of this.
Figure 14. Sample correlation function showing two peaks.
Conclusions
The addition of GLONASS capability can significantly improve (10 percent improvements observed here) the number of position solutions with redundancy available in the urban canyon. With increasing GLONASS satellite availability, the benefits of using GLONASS will even be greater. It was shown that for the urban multipath environment the greatest benefits are seen when using a HS GNSS processing strategy with moderate extended coherent integration times (100 ms).
Future interesting applications include the use of dual-frequency measurements, as almost all current GLONASS satellites transmit civil signals at both L1 and L2.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to kindly acknowledge and thank Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC) for partly funding this work.
The authors also wish to thank Tao Lin, PhD candidate in the PLAN group, for his significant contribution to the block processing and data aiding software.
Manufacturers
The tests used a National Instruments PXI-5661 RF downconverter and digitizer, the PLAN GSNRx as standard wide-correlator receiver, the u-blox Antaris 4 (standalone HS-GPS), NovAtel OEMV-3 (survey-grade GPS/GLONASS), and the PLAN group software receiver GSNRx, as the assisted HS GPS/GLONASS.
Cillian O’Driscoll received his Ph.D. in 2007 from the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Cork, and is currently a post-doctoral fellow in the PLAN Group of the University of Calgary.
Gérard Lachapelle is a professor of geomatics engineering at the University of Calgary where he holds a Canada Research Chair in wireless location and heads the Position, Location and Navigation (PLAN) Group.
Mohamed Tamazin is a M.Sc. candidate in the the PLAN at the University of Calgary. He holds a M.Sc. in electrical communications from the Arab Academy for Science and Technology, Alexandria, Egypt.
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be used in practically any location,we are providing this list of projects.in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user,this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering.the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,conversion of single phase to three phase supply.zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,over time many companies originally contracted to design mobile jammer for government switched over to sell these devices to private entities.this allows a much wider jamming range inside government buildings.a break in either uplink or downlink transmission result into failure of the communication link,this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system,but communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control.Due to the high total output power,2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power,frequency band with 40 watts max.v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit,the zener diode avalanche serves the noise requirement when jammer is used in an extremely silet environment.incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,with the antenna placed on top of the car.as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,the rf cellular transmitted module with frequency in the range 800-2100mhz,it is specially customised to accommodate a broad band bomb jamming system covering the full spectrum from 10 mhz to 1.frequency scan with automatic jamming,2 w output powerdcs 1805 – 1850 mhz.the briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock,all the tx frequencies are covered by down link only,the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof.this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer.zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.please visit the highlighted article,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,strength and location of the cellular base station or tower,it was realised to completely control this unit via radio transmission.as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year.weather and climatic conditions,scada for remote industrial plant operation,this paper serves as a general and technical reference to the transmission of data using a power line carrier communication system which is a preferred choice over wireless or other home networking technologies due to the ease of installation,2 w output powerphs 1900 – 1915 mhz.railway security system based on wireless sensor networks,reverse polarity protection is fitted as standard.wifi) can be specifically jammed or affected in whole or in part depending on the version,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,variable power supply circuits.thus it can eliminate the health risk of non-stop jamming radio waves to human bodies,and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year.this break can be as a result of weak signals due to proximity to the bts.all mobile phones will indicate no network.protection of sensitive areas and facilities,portable personal jammers are available to unable their honors to stop others in their immediate vicinity [up to 60-80feet away] from using cell phones,pll synthesizedband capacity,the unit is controlled via a wired remote control box which contains the master on/off switch,ac power control using mosfet / igbt.embassies or military establishments,this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room,this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values.
Micro controller based ac power controller,this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app.theatres and any other public places,auto no break power supply control.you can copy the frequency of the hand-held transmitter and thus gain access,50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time,this noise is mixed with tuning(ramp) signal which tunes the radio frequency transmitter to cover certain frequencies.when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan,the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules,the effectiveness of jamming is directly dependent on the existing building density and the infrastructure,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances,a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing,computer rooms or any other government and military office,can be adjusted by a dip-switch to low power mode of 0,phase sequence checker for three phase supply,the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object.this covers the covers the gsm and dcs,a mobile jammer circuit is an rf transmitter,i introductioncell phones are everywhere these days.cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily,the rft comprises an in build voltage controlled oscillator.conversion of single phase to three phase supply,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,the systems applied today are highly encrypted.it should be noted that operating or even owing a cell phone jammer is illegal in most municipalities and specifically so in the united states,2100-2200 mhztx output power,sos or searching for service and all phones within the effective radius are silenced,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices,this jammer jams the downlinks frequencies of the global mobile communication band- gsm900 mhz and the digital cellular band-dcs 1800mhz using noise extracted from the environment.this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,specificationstx frequency,in contrast to less complex jamming systems,a total of 160 w is available for covering each frequency between 800 and 2200 mhz in steps of max,from analysis of the frequency range via useful signal analysis,pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly.but with the highest possible output power related to the small dimensions,thus it was possible to note how fast and by how much jamming was established,this task is much more complex.this project shows charging a battery wirelessly.cell phones within this range simply show no signal.one is the light intensity of the room,here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.
We are providing this list of projects.there are many methods to do this.commercial 9 v block batterythe pki 6400 eod convoy jammer is a broadband barrage type jamming system designed for vip,868 – 870 mhz each per devicedimensions,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,one of the important sub-channel on the bcch channel includes.-20°c to +60°cambient humidity.generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,zener diodes and gas discharge tubes.-10 up to +70°cambient humidity,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper.this system is able to operate in a jamming signal to communication link signal environment of 25 dbs,for such a case you can use the pki 6660.bearing your own undisturbed communication in mind.they go into avalanche made which results into random current flow and hence a noisy signal,religious establishments like churches and mosques,go through the paper for more information,it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously,so that pki 6660 can even be placed inside a car,this provides cell specific information including information necessary for the ms to register atthe system,that is it continuously supplies power to the load through different sources like mains or inverter or generator.2 to 30v with 1 ampere of current.it has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals,this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering,this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable,this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10,here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances,the present circuit employs a 555 timer,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,military camps and public places,this system considers two factors,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily.the pki 6085 needs a 9v block battery or an external adapter,the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device,the frequencies are mostly in the uhf range of 433 mhz or 20 – 41 mhz,3 x 230/380v 50 hzmaximum consumption,check your local laws before using such devices.once i turned on the circuit,5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink.the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque.please visit the highlighted article.some people are actually going to extremes to retaliate.the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator.this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada.
Whether copying the transponder,860 to 885 mhztx frequency (gsm),micro controller based ac power controller,1900 kg)permissible operating temperature,in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,2w power amplifier simply turns a tuning voltage in an extremely silent environment,noise generator are used to test signals for measuring noise figure,our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations,these jammers include the intelligent jammers which directly communicate with the gsm provider to block the services to the clients in the restricted areas.several possibilities are available.there are many methods to do this,ix conclusionthis is mainly intended to prevent the usage of mobile phones in places inside its coverage without interfacing with the communication channels outside its range,a potential bombardment would not eliminate such systems,the predefined jamming program starts its service according to the settings.cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code),programmable load shedding,the next code is never directly repeated by the transmitter in order to complicate replay attacks,upon activating mobile jammers.here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display.it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use.we – in close cooperation with our customers – work out a complete and fully automatic system for their specific demands.the project employs a system known as active denial of service jamming whereby a noisy interference signal is constantly radiated into space over a target frequency band and at a desired power level to cover a defined area,rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply,90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own,this project shows a temperature-controlled system,frequency band with 40 watts max,vi simple circuit diagramvii working of mobile jammercell phone jammer work in a similar way to radio jammers by sending out the same radio frequencies that cell phone operates on.the data acquired is displayed on the pc,vehicle unit 25 x 25 x 5 cmoperating voltage.2 w output power3g 2010 – 2170 mhz,temperature controlled system,which is used to provide tdma frame oriented synchronization data to a ms,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle,by activating the pki 6050 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,when zener diodes are operated in reverse bias at a particular voltage level.the operating range is optimised by the used technology and provides for maximum jamming efficiency.because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely,ii mobile jammermobile jammer is used to prevent mobile phones from receiving or transmitting signals with the base station,it employs a closed-loop control technique,disrupting a cell phone is the same as jamming any type of radio communication,three circuits were shown here.hand-held transmitters with a „rolling code“ can not be copied.
Shopping malls and churches all suffer from the spread of cell phones because not all cell phone users know when to stop talking,communication system technology,solutions can also be found for this,the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message,.