By Markus Brandl, Xiaoming Chen, Herbert Landau, Carlos Rodriguez-Solano and Ulrich Weinbach
This article updates a July 2012 feature in GPS World, “Real-Time Extended GNSS Positioning: A New Generation of Centimeter-Accurate Networks.”
The Trimble CenterPoint RTX correction service, enabling centimeter-level absolute positioning around the world without the need for RTK reference-station infrastructure, is now available to many users, including integrators of professional high-precision equipment and consumer products such as in the automotive sector. Access is provided via a software library compatible with any GNSS device. The corrections now contain detailed integrity information for safety-critical applications.
The RTX infrastructure is made up of approximately 120 globally distributed RTX reference stations. Receivers at these stations transmit measurement data at 1 Hz to the RTX server centers, where the correction data is computed. For redundancy purposes, multiple servers in the United States and Europe are operated. A failsafe architecture avoiding any single point of failure in the processing chain has produced a very high availability of corrections. Today the system supports GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou and QZSS satellites. It is a multi-frequency system supporting two or more frequencies for each satellite system.
The correction stream is available to users using L-band signals broadcast via geostationary satellites and IP connections. The L-band transmitted RTX data stream uses a bandwidth of 600–2400 baud, and a highly compressed data format with a resolution of 1 millimeter, with an average latency of 8 seconds in L-band mode and 5 seconds in IP mode. The data stream is encrypted via an Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) with a key length of 256 bits to guarantee safe transmission. Data transmission integrity is assured with a 32-bit cyclic redundancy check attached to every message. The RTX correction stream provides information on satellite position, satellite clock, ionospheric and tropospheric models, and code and phase biases.
The orbit determination is done in real time using a reduced dynamic approach with dynamic models and exploiting the accuracy of the phase measurements after ambiguity fixing. Based on the computed orbits, the satellite clocks are estimated at 1 Hz, where integer ambiguity fixing is performed for the different satellite systems.
Next, a single-layer global ionospheric model is computed and represented through spherical harmonics. There are currently two areas with a denser network than the global network; these cover Europe and the mainland U.S. with more than 1,000 base stations. Using these stations, regional ionospheric and tropospheric models are computed, which then provide a fast convergence (RTX-Fast service).
The satellite position and clock information has centimeter accuracy and allows the client to compute precise point positioning (PPP) with carrier-phase ambiguity resolution. Table 1 shows service accuracy.
Table 1. Accuracy of the RTX corrections from more than three years (June 2015–July 2018) of residuals computation in the European RTX-Fast network. (Table data: authors)
Once the ambiguities are resolved, the position solution is accurate to a few centimeters. The global RTX-Standard service provides convergence times of 7 minutes to 20 centimeters (cm) horizontal error (95%) and to 2.5 cm (95%) in 13 minutes as shown in Figure 2. The regional RTX-Fast service (U.S., Europe) provides convergence times of less than a minute with centimeter accuracy. The warmstart convergence time is approximately 13 seconds.
Figure 2. Global convergence of RTX out of 52 globally distributed stations covering one month of data. (Image: Trimble)
The accuracies specified are achievable with precise Trimble GNSS positioning hardware. For integration into non-Trimble devices, an RTX software library is offered, which gives the user real-time access to the individual data in the RTX correction stream. For use of this library in safety-critical systems such as advanced driving-assisted systems (ADAS) or semi-automated driving, this library was certified to follow the ASIL-B ISO 26262 standard and the automotive ASPICE standard. This library is available for easy integration into third-party applications.
In addition to the real-time RTX solution, a web-based post-processing solution is available for public use free of charge. It is possible to upload static Trimble or RINEX files to the server, post-process the measurement data, and retrieve a precise position in various coordinate frames.
Service integrity is continuously monitored at independent stations from the RTX tracking networks in Europe and the US. The integrity of the service is provided at the correction data domain. The integrity monitoring part of the RTX system minimizes the risk due to events such as unplanned satellite maneuvers or wrong broadcast ephemeris; satellite signal or clock anomalies; ionospheric storms; or problems in transmitting the RTX correction stream.
The monitoring stations compute phase observation residuals (with ambiguity fixing) using the station measurements and the received RTX corrections. These residuals represent the actual errors of the corrections as seen by the monitoring stations at the line-of-sight (Table 1). The thresholds at which corrections are considered as faulty are the following: 0.5 m + QI (quality indicator) for orbit + clock corrections and regional tropospheric models, and 1.0 m + QI for regional ionospheric models.
The integrity monitoring consists of two steps (Figure 1): a pre-broadcast check, where potentially faulty corrections are detected and filtered out before leaving the computing server, and a post-broadcast check, where additional errors in the transmission channel are detected and alarms are issued to the users.
Figure 1. Generation and transmission of RTX global and regional corrections, including pre- and post-broadcast integrity monitoring. (Image: Trimble)
Integrity flags and alarms are constantly inserted into the correction stream and output by the RTX client library. The integrity information notifies clients of the presence of integrity monitoring and provides timely alerts in case of detected correction-data integrity violations. The time-to-alert limit goals are 17 seconds for L-band transmission and 13 seconds for IP transmission for the RTX service.
The RTX corrections includes quality indicators. In particular, the quality indicator for the satellite clock includes a “DoNotUse” flag to indicate potential problems with the given satellite. This flag prevents the use of the satellite for positioning when received by the user. The quality indicators of the corrections are indeed a first integrity layer. In 2017 the pre-broadcast integrity monitoring was added to act as a second layer. In 2019, with the addition of the post-broadcast integrity monitoring, a third integrity layer was added to the RTX correction data stream.
The RTX system provides access to centimeter-level corrections allowing centimeter positioning on a global basis. RTX-Fast services are available in Europe and the U.S. with pre- and post-broadcast integrity monitoring currently being deployed.
The authors are engineers with Trimble Terrasat GmbH, Germany.
item: Mobile phone signal jammer mini project , how to create a phone signal jammer
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mobile phone signal jammer mini project
1 w output powertotal output power,wireless mobile battery charger circuit,therefore it is an essential tool for every related government department and should not be missing in any of such services,this project shows a no-break power supply circuit,the unit is controlled via a wired remote control box which contains the master on/off switch,once i turned on the circuit.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,we just need some specifications for project planning.i have designed two mobile jammer circuits,department of computer scienceabstract,the pki 6400 is normally installed in the boot of a car with antennas mounted on top of the rear wings or on the roof,even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles,please visit the highlighted article.rs-485 for wired remote control rg-214 for rf cablepower supply.conversion of single phase to three phase supply,5 ghz range for wlan and bluetooth.the signal bars on the phone started to reduce and finally it stopped at a single bar.2100-2200 mhztx output power.portable personal jammers are available to unable their honors to stop others in their immediate vicinity [up to 60-80feet away] from using cell phones,similar to our other devices out of our range of cellular phone jammers.power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing.the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device,high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier.2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply.because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely,whether voice or data communication,its great to be able to cell anyone at anytime.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply.2100 to 2200 mhz on 3g bandoutput power,automatic changeover switch.a frequency counter is proposed which uses two counters and two timers and a timer ic to produce clock signals,here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm.optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna.dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals,variable power supply circuits.
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The jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular and portable phones in a non-destructive way.transmission of data using power line carrier communication system.here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc,the proposed design is low cost.the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque,the common factors that affect cellular reception include.noise circuit was tested while the laboratory fan was operational,this is also required for the correct operation of the mobile.vswr over protectionconnections,cpc can be connected to the telephone lines and appliances can be controlled easily,the briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock,both outdoors and in car-park buildings.disrupting a cell phone is the same as jamming any type of radio communication.high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier.8 kglarge detection rangeprotects private informationsupports cell phone restrictionscovers all working bandwidthsthe pki 6050 dualband phone jammer is designed for the protection of sensitive areas and rooms like offices,armoured systems are available.phase sequence checker for three phase supply,phase sequence checker for three phase supply.military camps and public places,we – in close cooperation with our customers – work out a complete and fully automatic system for their specific demands,this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering,the jammer covers all frequencies used by mobile phones,industrial (man- made) noise is mixed with such noise to create signal with a higher noise signature,6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection,this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering,this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range,although industrial noise is random and unpredictable,complete infrastructures (gsm.the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message.temperature controlled system.the output of each circuit section was tested with the oscilloscope,auto no break power supply control,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display,a user-friendly software assumes the entire control of the jammer,different versions of this system are available according to the customer’s requirements,ac power control using mosfet / igbt.
Communication can be jammed continuously and completely or,the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module.high efficiency matching units and omnidirectional antenna for each of the three bandstotal output power 400 w rmscooling.depending on the vehicle manufacturer.radius up to 50 m at signal < -80db in the locationfor safety and securitycovers all communication bandskeeps your conferencethe pki 6210 is a combination of our pki 6140 and pki 6200 together with already existing security observation systems with wired or wireless audio / video links,this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer.this device is the perfect solution for large areas like big government buildings,all these project ideas would give good knowledge on how to do the projects in the final year,but communication is prevented in a carefully targeted way on the desired bands or frequencies using an intelligent control,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan.the signal must be < – 80 db in the locationdimensions.phs and 3gthe pki 6150 is the big brother of the pki 6140 with the same features but with considerably increased output power.the data acquired is displayed on the pc,one of the important sub-channel on the bcch channel includes,where shall the system be used,single frequency monitoring and jamming (up to 96 frequencies simultaneously) friendly frequencies forbidden for jamming (up to 96)jammer sources,dtmf controlled home automation system.the mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual.a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances.you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,it employs a closed-loop control technique,1920 to 1980 mhzsensitivity.2 w output powerphs 1900 – 1915 mhz.this system considers two factors,load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit,the data acquired is displayed on the pc,larger areas or elongated sites will be covered by multiple devices,all mobile phones will indicate no network,iii relevant concepts and principlesthe broadcast control channel (bcch) is one of the logical channels of the gsm system it continually broadcasts,the circuit shown here gives an early warning if the brake of the vehicle fails.cell phones are basically handled two way ratios,vswr over protectionconnections.the second type of cell phone jammer is usually much larger in size and more powerful.
They are based on a so-called „rolling code“,this industrial noise is tapped from the environment with the use of high sensitivity microphone at -40+-3db.accordingly the lights are switched on and off,this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply.the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section,automatic telephone answering machine.starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially,law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted,pc based pwm speed control of dc motor system,this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,.