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Permanent Link to GNSS Frontiers: BeiDou and Ubiquitous Location
BeiDou Signals, Future Receiver Design Highlighted at Stanford PNT Symposium
By James D. Litton and Tom Langenstein
James L. Litton
The Stanford Center for Position, Navigation and Time conducted its eighth symposium on PNT in October 2014. These symposia have always been a superb two (this year three) days of excellent presentations, ranging over the entire domain of PNT, including policy factors as well as technical ones.
This year the first day featured student speakers, either from Stanford or the students of former Stanford students who are now faculty at other universities. The conference is by invitation only; sponsors include Lockheed Martin, Boeing, and other companies involved with GNSS. This essay highlights two presentations that struck us as harbingers of change in the industry: Greg Turetzky’s paper on ubiquitous location, and Minquan Lu’s and Zheng Yao’s paper on new signal structures for BeiDou.
Brad Parkinson gave a keynote address mixing challenges and opportunities from the frontiers of policy formation. David Last did not fail to amuse with his lighthearted and satirical commentary on navigation and society at dinner. Many others gave noteworthy presentations, and all of the presentation slides can be found online.
Tom Langenstein
Both papers that we selected for this article have very broad scope with considerable strategic significance in GNSS design and applications. It seems a little impertinent, as well as superficial, to try to convey their essence in fewer than 2,000 words, but the material presented is available elsewhere, too.
New Signal Structures for BeiDou
Professors Mingquan Lu and Zheng Yao of Tsinghua University laid out in clear and detailed fashion the motivations for BeiDou’s choosing to introduce new signals for the Phase III global system, analyses of alternative modulations, and the results of bench testing in service to the desired properties (interoperability, acquisition and tracking thresholds, receiver complexity, in-band interference, and so on).
They emphasized one non-technical or operational motivation: independent proprietary designs for patent protection. No declaration of policy intention was made; however, the direction was clear, even though the authors are university professors and not government officials.
Some of this work has been published elsewhere in IEEE Transactions by the same authors and has a substantial history, reflecting the lessons learned from the predecessor system designs and very thorough analysis, simulation and bench testing. Space does not allow extensive citation, but the key drivers for the designs and the results are summarized below. The preferred modulations chosen or synthesized are quadrature multiplexed binary offset carrier (QMBOC) for B1C and asymmetric constant envelope-binary offset carrier (ACE-BOC).
The principal deficiencies cited of the earlier-proposed BeiDou Phase III signals (circa 2010-ICG) were given as:
no independent intellectual property rights; thus, a big patent risk
signal performance needs to be improved
more flexible receiving modes and more varied application scenarios should be considered.
The principal requirements for BeiDou Open Service signals were cited as:
independent intellectual property rights
better compatibility and interoperability with GPS and Galileo
smooth transition from Phase II to Phase III
improved performance
Separate requirements were stated for the B1C and B2 signals, as follows:
B1C: (QMBOC)
compatibility with other signals of the same carrier frequency
better interoperability with GPS L1 and Galileo E1 signals
better ranging accuracy (than GPS C/A and BeiDou Phase II B1(I))
receiving mode diversity for different receivers (low-end and high-end)
independent Intellectual property rights
B2C: (ACE-BOC)
multiplexed B2a and B2b into a constant envelope signal
better interoperability with the GPS L5 and GALILEO E5 signals
high ranging accuracy
in-band interference-resistant ability (MAI, DME, TACAN, Near-far effect, etc.)
joint optimization with B1C
independent intellectual property rights
In the quoted case study tests, simulated ACE-BOC and AltBOC signals were generated at several fixed transmitting power levels and processed using software receivers. For each given transmit power level, the ACE-BOC was allotted three times power for the pilot channel over that of the data channel while the AltBOC allocated equal amount of power for both the pilot and the data channel, that is, 3:1 for ACE-BOC and 1:1 for AltBOC.
The resulting tracking performance of the ACE-BOC is more robust than that of the AltBOC.
Table 1, taken from the presentation, provides an overview of the signals.
Table 1. New signal structures proposed for BeiDou.
The compatibility properties of the new signals, if adopted, which seems quite likely, are desirable. The implicit intellectual property aspects of the development, both in motivation and in differential design of a signal structure which seems to be claimed as novel have a defensive basis, apparently, in earlier assertions of proprietary designs. It will be interesting to see whether similar international negotiations follow, or perhaps already have. The paper was well received and stimulated considerable hallway comment.
Ubiquitous Location
Turetzky’s paper laid out the phenomenal growth of location-based services and the implications of such growth for design requirements in GNSS-wireless at the user device level and at the silicon level. On growth (from various quoted sources):
The compound annual growth rate of GNSS devices will continue, from its current 22 percent level to a robust 9 percent for the years 2016-2022; heading for seven billion installed units by 2022.
The cumulative core revenue in the decade 2012-2022 will be 46 percent in LBS portable and wearable devices and 47+ percent in vehicles.
There will be many billions of installations of indoor location technologies by 2018, in virtually every venue imaginable.
Some of the design implications of the requirements driving the growth in indoor location are:
Always Located, or continuous location. For this case, the energy dissipated per day (16 hours) and signal availability (100 percent) are the featured specification and the secondary specification, respectively. These specifications, in turn, require hybrid constellations and minimal standby power consumption.
The scaling down to very small (14 nanometer) dimensions enables much faster switching speeds, search rates and lower power dissipation in active modes and more complex algorithms, but at the expense of leakage current, which adversely affects standby power, an increasingly important factor.
Thus, for GNSS design, the challenges are to:
Take advantage of benefits of smaller geometries to achieve higher clock speeds, more memory, lower active power and smaller size, while greatly reducing standby power from leakage;
Incorporate new methodologies at chip and system design level; Integrate multiple radios on a single die to reduce cost and size without creating interference to a very sensitive GNSS radio;
Integrate multiple radio sources into a single location solution;
Bring together a disparate value chain;
Turetzky outlined a vision for his employer, Intel, to be a leader in all aspects of these revolutionary developments. The technology roadmaps embrace most modalities of positioning: GNSS, Bluetooth, WI-Fi, cellular, and SBAS, and cross most platforms, including wearables. We think that another, unemphasized challenge is in the increasing density of these units with the current specifications on out-of-band-emissions and the spectrum sharing and spectrum management factors in the ubiquity of the devices.
From Greg Turetzky’s Ubiquitous Location paper, presented at Stanford PNT Symposium.
Tune in to our free webinar Receiver Design for the Future, with Greg Turetzky of Stanford speaking on Ubiquitous Location, scheduled for Jan. 15 (1 p.m. EST/ 10 a.m. PST/ 6 p.m. GMT). Register today!
Both papers represented the dynamism of our industry and its diversity of technologies and practitioners and the service to that industry provided by the remarkably consistent excellence of this symposium.
James D. Litton heads the Litton Consulting Group and previously played key executive roles at NavCom Technology and Magnavox.
Tom Langenstein is executive director of the Stanford Center for Position, Navigation, and Time, and deputy program manager of the Gravity Probe-B project.
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With its highest output power of 8 watt.the frequencies are mostly in the uhf range of 433 mhz or 20 – 41 mhz.50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time,this was done with the aid of the multi meter,the device looks like a loudspeaker so that it can be installed unobtrusively,presence of buildings and landscape,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator.this jammer jams the downlinks frequencies of the global mobile communication band- gsm900 mhz and the digital cellular band-dcs 1800mhz using noise extracted from the environment,the common factors that affect cellular reception include,the next code is never directly repeated by the transmitter in order to complicate replay attacks,a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals.in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.the unit requires a 24 v power supply.while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current.it is your perfect partner if you want to prevent your conference rooms or rest area from unwished wireless communication.cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code),band scan with automatic jamming (max.in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user.925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs.it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use.here is a list of top electrical mini-projects,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors.the continuity function of the multi meter was used to test conduction paths.
This paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada.-20°c to +60°cambient humidity,prison camps or any other governmental areas like ministries,1900 kg)permissible operating temperature.law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted,140 x 80 x 25 mmoperating temperature.this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off,variable power supply circuits.dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals.this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,i have designed two mobile jammer circuits,1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800,the proposed design is low cost,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions.the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.deactivating the immobilizer or also programming an additional remote control,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,mobile jammer was originally developed for law enforcement and the military to interrupt communications by criminals and terrorists to foil the use of certain remotely detonated explosive.a mobile phone jammer prevents communication with a mobile station or user equipment by transmitting an interference signal at the same frequency of communication between a mobile stations a base transceiver station,this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,once i turned on the circuit.this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely.
Phase sequence checker for three phase supply,1 w output powertotal output power,this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,where shall the system be used,0°c – +60°crelative humidity,here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm.outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,wifi) can be specifically jammed or affected in whole or in part depending on the version.its called denial-of-service attack.a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper.auto no break power supply control,jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around,solutions can also be found for this,-10 up to +70°cambient humidity,for such a case you can use the pki 6660,10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions.please see the details in this catalogue.several possibilities are available.when the mobile jammers are turned off,this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10,which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers.this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating.here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.
Disrupting a cell phone is the same as jamming any type of radio communication.90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle,usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use..
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This system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,auto no break power supply control,even though the respective technology could help to override or copy the remote controls of the early days used to open and close vehicles.you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls,incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off.churches and mosques as well as lecture halls,this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room,bomb threats or when military action is underway,2 ghzparalyses all types of remote-controlled bombshigh rf transmission power 400 w.today´s vehicles are also provided with immobilizers integrated into the keys presenting another security system,by activating the pki 6100 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off,110 to 240 vac / 5 amppower consumption.iii relevant concepts and principlesthe broadcast control channel (bcch) is one of the logical channels of the gsm system it continually broadcasts,scada for remote industrial plant operation,based on a joint secret between transmitter and receiver („symmetric key“) and a cryptographic algorithm,upon activating mobile jammers.this project shows charging a battery wirelessly.the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage.this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply,all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer,this can also be used to indicate the fire.here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm.
With its highest output power of 8 watt.the frequencies are mostly in the uhf range of 433 mhz or 20 – 41 mhz.50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time,this was done with the aid of the multi meter,the device looks like a loudspeaker so that it can be installed unobtrusively,presence of buildings and landscape,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator.this jammer jams the downlinks frequencies of the global mobile communication band- gsm900 mhz and the digital cellular band-dcs 1800mhz using noise extracted from the environment,the common factors that affect cellular reception include,the next code is never directly repeated by the transmitter in order to complicate replay attacks,a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals.in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.the unit requires a 24 v power supply.while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current.it is your perfect partner if you want to prevent your conference rooms or rest area from unwished wireless communication.cyclically repeated list (thus the designation rolling code),band scan with automatic jamming (max.in order to wirelessly authenticate a legitimate user.925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs.it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use.here is a list of top electrical mini-projects,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors.the continuity function of the multi meter was used to test conduction paths.
This paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada.-20°c to +60°cambient humidity,prison camps or any other governmental areas like ministries,1900 kg)permissible operating temperature.law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted,140 x 80 x 25 mmoperating temperature.this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off,variable power supply circuits.dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals.this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,i have designed two mobile jammer circuits,1 watt each for the selected frequencies of 800,the proposed design is low cost,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions.the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,zigbee based wireless sensor network for sewerage monitoring.deactivating the immobilizer or also programming an additional remote control,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,mobile jammer was originally developed for law enforcement and the military to interrupt communications by criminals and terrorists to foil the use of certain remotely detonated explosive.a mobile phone jammer prevents communication with a mobile station or user equipment by transmitting an interference signal at the same frequency of communication between a mobile stations a base transceiver station,this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors,once i turned on the circuit.this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely.
Phase sequence checker for three phase supply,1 w output powertotal output power,this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message,where shall the system be used,0°c – +60°crelative humidity,here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm.outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,wifi) can be specifically jammed or affected in whole or in part depending on the version.its called denial-of-service attack.a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper.auto no break power supply control,jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around,solutions can also be found for this,-10 up to +70°cambient humidity,for such a case you can use the pki 6660,10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions.please see the details in this catalogue.several possibilities are available.when the mobile jammers are turned off,this device can cover all such areas with a rf-output control of 10,which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers.this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating.here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.
Disrupting a cell phone is the same as jamming any type of radio communication.90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own,energy is transferred from the transmitter to the receiver using the mutual inductance principle,usually by creating some form of interference at the same frequency ranges that cell phones use..