Editor’s note: GPS World Innovation editor Richard Langley has co-authored a study, described below, exploring how irregularities in Earth’s upper atmosphere can distort GPS signals, an important step toward mitigation.
The Aurora Borealis viewed by the crew of Expedition 30 on board the International Space Station. The sequence of shots was taken on February 7, 2012 from 09:54:04 to 10:03:59 GMT, on a pass from the North Pacific Ocean, west of Canada, to southwestern Illinois. Image Credit: NASA/JSC
News from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory
When you don’t know how to get to an unfamiliar place, you probably rely on a smartphone or other device with a GPS module for guidance. You may not realize that, especially at high latitudes on our planet, signals traveling between GPS satellites and your device can get distorted in Earth’s upper atmosphere.
Researchers at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Pasadena, Calif., in collaboration with the University of New Brunswick in Canada, are studying irregularities in the ionosphere, a part of the atmosphere centered about 217 miles (350 kilometers) above the ground that defines the boundary between Earth and space. The ionosphere is a shell of charged particles (electrons and ions), called plasma, that is produced by solar radiation and energetic particle impact.
The new study, published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, compares turbulence in the auroral region to that at higher latitudes, and gains insights that could have implications for the mitigation of disturbances in the ionosphere. Auroras are spectacular multicolored lights in the sky that mainly occur when energetic particles driven from the magnetosphere, the protective magnetic bubble that surrounds Earth, crash into the ionosphere below it. The auroral zones are narrow oval-shaped bands over high latitudes outside the polar caps, which are regions around Earth’s magnetic poles. This study focused on the atmosphere above the Northern Hemisphere.
“We want to explore the near-Earth plasma and find out how big plasma irregularities need to be to interfere with navigation signals broadcast by GPS,” said Esayas Shume. Shume is a researcher at JPL and the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, and lead author of the study.
If you think of the ionosphere as a fluid, the irregularities comprise regions of lower density (bubbles) in the neighborhood of high-density ionization areas, creating the effect of clumps of more and less intense ionization. This “froth” can interfere with radio signals including those from GPS and aircraft, particularly at high latitudes.
The size of the irregularities in the plasma gives researchers clues about their cause, which help predict when and where they will occur. More turbulence means a bigger disturbance to radio signals.
“One of the key findings is that there are different kinds of irregularities in the auroral zone compared to the polar cap,” said Anthony Mannucci, supervisor of the ionospheric and atmospheric remote sensing group at JPL. “We found that the effects on radio signals will be different in these two locations.”
The researchers found that abnormalities above the Arctic polar cap are of a smaller scale — about 0.62 to 5 miles (1 to 8 kilometers) — than in the auroral region, where they are 0.62 to 25 miles (1 to 40 kilometers) in diameter.
Why the difference? As Shume explains, the polar cap is connected to solar wind particles and electric fields in interplanetary space. On the other hand, the region of auroras is connected to the energetic particles in Earth’s magnetosphere, in which magnetic field lines close around Earth. These are crucial details that explain the different dynamics of the two regions.
CAScade, Smallsat and IOnospheric Polar Explorer (CASSIOPE) is a made-in-Canada small satellite from the Canadian Space Agency. It is comprised of three working elements that use the first multi-purpose small satellite platform from the Canadian Small Satellite Bus Program. Image Credit: Canadian Space Agency
To look at irregularities in the ionosphere, researchers used data from the Canadian Space Agency satellite Cascade Smallsat and Ionospheric Polar Explorer (CASSIOPE), which launched in September 2013. The satellite covers the entire region of high latitudes, making it a useful tool for exploring the ionosphere.
The data come from one of the instruments on CASSIOPE that looks at GPS signals as they skim the ionosphere. The instrument was conceived by researchers at the University of New Brunswick.
“It’s the first time this kind of imaging has been done from space,” said Attila Komjathy, JPL principal investigator and co-author of the study. “No one has observed these dimensional scales of the ionosphere before.”
The research has numerous applications. For instance, aircraft flying over the North Pole rely on solid communications with the ground; if they lose these signals, they may be required to change their flight paths, Mannucci said. Radio telescopes may also experience distortion from the ionosphere; understanding the effects could lead to more accurate measurements for astronomy.
“It causes a lot of economic impact when these irregularities flare up and get bigger,” he said.
NASA’s Deep Space Network, which tracks and communicates with spacecraft, is affected by the ionosphere. Komjathy and colleagues also work on mitigating and correcting for these distortions for the DSN. They can use GPS to measure the delay in signals caused by the ionosphere and then relay that information to spacecraft navigators who are using the DSN’s tracking data.
“By understanding the magnitude of the interference, spacecraft navigators can subtract the distortion from the ionosphere to get more accurate spacecraft locations,” Mannucci said.
Other authors on the study were Richard B. Langley of the Geodetic Research Laboratory, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada; and Olga Verkhoglyadova and Mark D. Butala of JPL. Funding for the research came from NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the Deep Space Network for NASA.
item: Gps tracking device signal jammer download | cellular based gps tracking jammers for windows
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The device looks like a loudspeaker so that it can be installed unobtrusively,completely autarkic and mobile,this also alerts the user by ringing an alarm when the real-time conditions go beyond the threshold values,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition.this project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller.go through the paper for more information,this can also be used to indicate the fire.
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Please see the details in this catalogue,the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message.the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular and portable phones in a non-destructive way.integrated inside the briefcase,jamming these transmission paths with the usual jammers is only feasible for limited areas,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition.micro controller based ac power controller.the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator.here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc.4 ah battery or 100 – 240 v ac,1900 kg)permissible operating temperature.1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications,it should be noted that operating or even owing a cell phone jammer is illegal in most municipalities and specifically so in the united states.by activating the pki 6050 jammer any incoming calls will be blocked and calls in progress will be cut off,phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,but we need the support from the providers for this purpose.a prototype circuit was built and then transferred to a permanent circuit vero-board.the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply).50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time,the mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual,a digital multi meter was used to measure resistance,90 % of all systems available on the market to perform this on your own.the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular phones in a non-destructive way,exact coverage control furthermore is enhanced through the unique feature of the jammer.
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