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Permanent Link to Innovation: Collective Detection
Enhancing GNSS Receiver Sensitivity by Combining Signals from Multiple Satellites
By Penina Axelrad, James Donna, Megan Mitchell, and Shan Mohiuddin
A new approach to enhancing signal sensitivity combines the received signal power from multiple satellites in a direct-to-navigation solution.
INNOVATION INSIGHTS by Richard Langley
ALTHOUGH I HAVE MANAGED the Innovation column continuously since GPS World’s first issue, it wasn’t until the second issue that I authored a column article. That article, co-written with Alfred Kleusberg, was titled “The Limitations of GPS.” It discussed some of the then-current problems of GPS, including poor signal reception, loss of signal integrity, and limited positioning accuracy.
In the ensuing 20 years, both signal integrity and positioning accuracy have improved significantly. Advances in the GPS control segment’s capabilities to continuously monitor and assess signal performance, together with receiver-autonomous integrity monitoring and integrity enhancement provided by augmentation systems, have reduced worries about loss of signal integrity. The removal of Selective Availability and use of error corrections provided by augmentation systems, among other approaches, have improved positioning accuracy.
But the problem of poor reception due to weak signals is still with us. In that March/April 1990 article, we wrote “[GPS] signals propagate from the satellites to the receiver antenna along the line of sight and cannot penetrate water, soil, walls, or other obstacles very well. … In surface navigation and positioning applications, the signal can be obstructed by trees, buildings, and bridges. … [In] the inner city streets of urban areas lined with skyscrapers, the ‘visibility’ of the GPS satellites is very limited. In such areas, the signals can be obstructed for extended periods of time or even [be] continuously unavailable.”
Poor signal reception in other than open-sky environments is still a problem with conventional GPS receivers. However, extending signal integration times and using assisted-GPS techniques can give GPS some degree of capability to operate indoors and in other restricted environments, albeit typically with reduced positioning accuracy. An antenna with sufficient gain is needed and capable systems are available on the market. The pilot channels of modernized GNSS signals will also benefit signal acquisition and tracking in challenging environments.
In this month’s column, we look at a completely different approach to enhancing signal sensitivity. Rather than requiring each satellite’s signal to be acquired and tracked before it can be used in the navigation solution, the new approach — dubbed “collective detection” — combines the received signal power from multiple satellites in a direct-to-navigation-solution procedure. Besides providing a quick coarse position solution with weak signals, this approach can be used to monitor the signal environment, aid deeply-coupled GPS/inertial navigation, and assist with terrain and feature recognition.
“Innovation” features discussions about advances in GPS technology, its applications, and the fundamentals of GPS positioning. The column is coordinated by Richard Langley, Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, University of New Brunswick.
Growing interest in navigating indoors and in challenging urban environments is motivating research on techniques for weak GPS signal acquisition and tracking. The standard approach to increasing acquisition and tracking sensitivity is to lengthen the coherent integration times, which can be accomplished by using the pilot channels in the modernized GPS signals or by using assisted GPS (A-GPS) techniques. These techniques operate in the traditional framework of independent signal detection, which requires a weak signal to be acquired and tracked before it is useful for navigation. This article explores a complementary, but fundamentally different, approach that enhances signal sensitivity by combining the received power from multiple GPS satellites in a direct-to-navigation-solution algorithm. As will be discussed in the following sections, this collective detection approach has the advantage of incorporating into the navigation solution information from signals that are too weak to be acquired and tracked, and it does so with a modest amount of computation and with no required hardware changes. This technology is appropriate for any application that requires a navigation solution in a signal environment that challenges traditional acquisition techniques. Collective detection could be used to monitor the signal environment, aid deeply coupled GPS/INS during long outages, and help initiate landmark recognition in an urban environment. These examples are explained further in a subsequent section. In order to understand how the collective detection algorithm works, it is instructive to first consider the traditional approach to acquisition and tracking.
Acquisition Theory and Methods
In a typical stand-alone receiver, the acquisition algorithm assesses the signal’s correlation power in discrete bins on a grid of code delay and Doppler frequency (shift). The correlation calculations take the sampled signal from the receiver’s RF front end, mix it with a family of receiver-generated replica signals that span the grid, and sum that product to produce in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) correlation output. The correlation power is the sum of the I and Q components, I2 + Q2. Plotting the power as a function of delay and frequency shift produces a correlogram, as shown in FIGURE 1. It should be noted that both correlation power and its square root, the correlation amplitude, are found in the GPS literature. For clarity, we will always use the correlation power to describe signal and noise values.
If a sufficiently powerful signal is present, a distinct peak appears in the correlogram bin that corresponds to the GPS signal’s code delay and Doppler frequency. If the peak power exceeds a predefined threshold based on the integration times and the expected carrier-to-noise spectral density, the signal is detected. The code delay and Doppler frequency for the peak are then passed to the tracking loops, which produce more precise measurements of delay — pseudoranges — from which the receiver’s navigation solution is calculated. When the satellite signal is attenuated, however, perhaps due to foliage or building materials, the correlation peak cannot be distinguished and the conventional approach to acquisition fails.
The sensitivity of traditional tracking algorithms is similarly limited by the restrictive practice of treating each signal independently. More advanced tracking algorithms, such as vector delay lock loops or deeply integrated filters, couple the receiver’s tracking algorithms and its navigation solution in order to take advantage of the measurement redundancy and to leverage information gained from tracking strong signals to track weak signals. The combined satellite detection approach presented in this article extends the concept of coupling to acquisition by combining the detection and navigation algorithms into one step.
Collective Detection
In the collective detection algorithm, a receiver position and clock offset grid is mapped to the individual GPS signal correlations, and the combined correlation power is evaluated on that grid instead of on the conventional independent code delay and Doppler frequency grids. The assessment of the correlation power on the position and clock offset grid leads directly to the navigation solution. The mapping, which is key to the approach, requires the receiver to have reasonably good a priori knowledge of its position, velocity, and clock offset; the GPS ephemerides; and, if necessary, a simplified ionosphere model. Given this knowledge, the algorithm defines the position and clock offset search grid centered on the assumed receiver state and generates predicted ranges and Doppler frequencies for each GPS signal, as illustrated in FIGURE 2. The mapping then relates each one of the position and clock offset grid points to a specific code delay and Doppler frequency for each GPS satellite, as illustrated in FIGURE 3. Aggregating the multiple delay/Doppler search spaces onto a single position/clock offset search space through the mapping allows the navigation algorithm to consider the total correlation power of all the signals simultaneously. The correlation power is summed over all the GPS satellites at each position/clock-offset grid point to create a position domain correlogram. The best position and clock-offset estimates are taken as the grid point that has the highest combined correlation power. This approach has the advantage of incorporating into the position/clock-offset estimate information contained in weak signals that may be undetectable individually using traditional acquisition/tracking techniques.
It should be noted that a reasonable a priori receiver state estimate restricts the size of the position and clock-offset grid such that a linear mapping, based on the standard measurement sensitivity matrix used in GPS positioning, from the individual signal correlations, is reasonable. Also, rather than attempt to align the satellite correlations precisely enough to perform coherent sums, noncoherent sums of the individual satellite correlations are used. This seems reasonable, given the uncertainties in ranging biases between satellites, differences and variability of the signal paths through the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere, and the large number of phases that would have to be aligned.
Applications
The most obvious application for collective detection is enabling a navigation fix in circumstances where degraded signals cause traditional acquisition to fail. The sweet spot of collective detection is providing a rapid but coarse position solution in a weak signal environment. The solution can be found in less time because information is evaluated cohesively across satellites. This is especially clear when the algorithm is compared to computationally intensive long integration techniques.
There are several ways that collective detection can support urban navigation. This capability benefits long endurance users who desire a moderate accuracy periodic fix for monitoring purposes. In some circumstances, the user may wish to initiate traditional tracking loops for a refined position estimate. However, if the signal environment is unfavorable at the time, this operation will waste valuable power. The collective detection response indicates the nature of the current signal environment, such as indoors or outdoors, and can inform the decision of whether to spend the power to transition to full GPS capabilities.
In urban applications, deeply integrated GPS/INS solutions tolerate GPS outages by design. However, if the outage duration is too long, the estimate uncertainty will eventually become too large to allow conclusive signal detection to be restored. Running collective detection as a background process could keep deeply integrated filters centered even in long periods of signal degradation. Because collective detection approaches the acquisition problem from a position space instead of the individual satellite line-of-sight space, it provides inherent integrity protection. In the traditional approach, acquiring a multipath signal will pollute the overall position fix. In collective detection, such signals are naturally exposed as inconsistent with the position estimate.
Another use would be to initialize landmark correlation algorithms in vision navigation. Landmark correlation associates street-level video with 3D urban models as an alternative to (GPS) absolute position and orientation updates. This technique associates landmarks observed from ground-level imagery with a database of landmarks extracted from overhead-derived 3D urban models. Having a coarse position (about 100 meters accuracy) enhances initialization and restart of the landmark correlation process. Draper Laboratory is planning to demonstrate the utility of using collective detection to enable and enhance landmark correlation techniques for urban navigation.
In all of these applications, collective detection is straightforward to implement because it simply uses the output of correlation functions already performed on GPS receivers.
Simulations and Processing
The new algorithm has been tested using live-sky and simulated data collected by a Draper Laboratory wideband data recorder. A hardware GPS signal simulator was used to simulate a stationary observer receiving 11 equally powered GPS signals that were broadcast from the satellite geometry shown in FIGURE 4. The data recorder and the signal simulator were set up in a locked-clock configuration with all of the simulator’s modeled errors set to zero. No frequency offsets should exist between the satellites and the receiver. A clock bias, however, does exist because of cable and other fixed delays between the two units. The data recorder houses a four-channel, 14-bit A/D module. It can support sample rates up to 100 MHz. For this work, it was configured to downconvert the signal to an IF of 420 kHz and to produce in-phase and quadrature samples at 10 MHz.
Results and Discussion
To combine satellites, a position domain search space is established, centered on the correct location and receiver clock bias. A grid spacing of 30 meters over a range of ± 900 meters in north and east directions, and ± 300 meters in the vertical. In the first simulated example, the correlation power for all the satellites is summed on the position grid using a single 1-millisecond integration period. In this case, the true carrier-to-noise-density ratio for each signal is 40 dB-Hz. The results are shown in FIGURE 5. The plots in the left panel show the individual signal correlations as a function of range error. The four plots in the upper-right panel show several views of the combined correlation as a function of position error. The upper-left plot in the panel shows the correlation value as a function of the magnitude of the position error. The upper-right plot shows the correlation as a function of the north-east error, the lower-left the north-down error, and the lower-right the east-down error. Notice how the shape of the constant power contours resembles the shape of the constant probability contours that would result from a least-squares solution’s covariance matrix. The final plot, the bottom-right panel, shows a 3D image of the correlation power as a function of the north-east error. It is clear in these images that in the 40 dB-Hz case each satellite individually reaches the highest correlation power in the correct bin and that the combined result also peaks in the correct bin. In the combined satellite results, each individual satellite’s correlation power enters the correlogram as the ridge that runs in a direction perpendicular to the receiver-satellite line-of-sight vector and represents a line of constant pseudorange.
FIGURE 6 shows a similar set of graphs for a simulator run at 20 dB-Hz. The plots in the left panel and the four plots in the upper-right panel show the individual and combined correlations, as in Figure 5. In the lower-right panel, the 3D image has been replaced with correlations calculated using 20 noncoherent 1-millisecond accumulations. The indistinct peaks in many of the individual correlations (left panel) suggest that these signals may not be acquired and tracked using traditional methods. Those signals, therefore, would not contribute to the navigation solution. Yet in the combined case, those indistinct peaks tend to add up and contribute to the navigation solution. These results indicate the feasibility of using the information in weak signals that may not be detectable using traditional methods and short acquisition times. The situation is further improved by increasing the number of noncoherent integration periods.
Impact of Reduced Geometry. Of course, it is a bit unrealistic to have 11 satellites available, particularly in restricted environments, so we also considered three subsets of four-satellite acquisitions, under the same signal levels. FIGURE 7 compares the position domain correlograms for the following 20 dB-Hz cases: (1) a good geometry case (PRNs 3, 14, 18, 26), (2) an urban canyon case where only the highest 4 satellites are visible (PRNs 15, 18, 21, 22), and (3) a weak geometry case where just a narrow wedge of visibility is available (PRNs 18, 21, 26, 29). As expected, the correlation power peak becomes less distinct as the satellite geometry deteriorates. The pattern of degradation, morphing from a distinct peak to a ridge, reveals that the position solution remains well constrained in some directions, but becomes poorly constrained in others. Again, this result is expected and is consistent with the behavior of conventional positioning techniques under similar conditions.
Focusing on Clock Errors. In some real-world situations, for example, a situation where a receiver is operating in an urban environment, it is possible for the position to be fairly well known, but the clock offset and frequency to have substantial uncertainty. FIGURE 8 shows how the combined satellites approach can be used to improve sensitivity when viewed from the clock bias and frequency domain. The figure presents example 1-millisecond correlograms of clock bias and clock drift for three 20 dB-Hz cases: (1) a single GPS satellite case; (2) a four-satellite, good geometry case; and (3) an 11-satellite, good geometry case. The assumed position solution has been offset by a random amount (generated with a 1-sigma of 100 meters in the north and east components, and 20 meters in the up component), but no individual satellite errors are introduced. These plots clearly show the improved capability for acquisition of the clock errors through the combining process.
Live Satellite Signals. FIGURE 9 shows combined correlograms derived from real data recorded using an outdoor antenna. The first example includes high-signal-level satellites with 1.5-second noncoherent integration. The second example includes extremely attenuated satellite signals with a long noncoherent integration period of six seconds.
The plots in the upper-left and upper-right panels show combined correlograms as a function of the north-east position error for satellite signals with carrier-to-noise-density ratios of 48 dB-Hz or higher. The plots in the lower-left and lower-right panels show combined correlograms resulting from much weaker satellites with carrier-to-noise-density ratios of roughly 15 to 19 dB-Hz, using a coherent integration interval of 20 milliseconds and a noncoherent interval of six seconds. FIGURE 10 shows one of the individual single-satellite correlograms. In this attenuated case, the individual satellite power levels are just barely high enough to make them individually detectable. This is the situation in which collective detection is most valuable.
Conclusions
The example results from a hardware signal simulator and live satellites show how the noncoherent combination of multiple satellite signals improves the GPS position error in cases where some of the signals are too weak to be acquired and tracked by traditional methods. This capability is particularly useful to a user who benefits from a rapid, but coarse, position solution in a weak signal environment. It may be used to monitor the quality of the signal environment, to aid deeply coupled navigation, and to initiate landmark recognition techniques in urban canyons. The approach does require that the user have some a priori information, such as a reasonable estimate of the receiver’s location and fairly accurate knowledge of the GPS ephemerides. Degradation in performance should be expected if the errors in these models are large enough to produce pseudorange prediction errors that are a significant fraction of a C/A-code chip. Absent that issue, the combined acquisition does not add significant complexity compared to the traditional approach to data processing. It can be used to enhance performance of existing acquisition techniques either by improving sensitivity for the current noncoherent integration times or by reducing the required integration time for a given sensitivity. Further development and testing is planned using multiple signals and frequencies.
Acknowledgments
The authors appreciate the contributions of David German and Avram Tewtewsky at Draper Laboratory in collecting and validating the simulator data; Samantha Krenning at the University of Colorado for assistance with the simulator data analysis and plotting; and Dennis Akos at the University of Colorado for many helpful conversations and for providing the Matlab software-defined radio code that was used for setting up the acquisition routines. This article is based on the paper “Enhancing GNSS Acquisition by Combining Signals from Multiple Channels and Satellites” presented at ION GNSS 2009, the 22nd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, held in Savannah, Georgia, September 22–25, 2009.
The work reported in the article was funded by the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory Internal Research and Development program.
Manufacturers
Data for the analyses was obtained using a Spirent Federal Systems GSS7700 GPS signal simulator and a GE Fanuc Intelligent Platforms ICS-554 A/D module.
PENINA AXELRAD is a professor of aerospace engineering sciences at the University of Colorado at Boulder. She has been involved in GPS-related research since 1986 and is a fellow of The Institute of Navigation and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
JAMES DONNA is a distinguished member of the technical staff at the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he has worked since 1980. His interests include GNSS navigation in weak signal environments and integrated inertial-GNSS navigation.
MEGAN MITCHELL is a senior member of the technical staff at the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory. She is involved with receiver customization for reentry applications and GPS threat detection.
SHAN MOHIUDDIN is a senior member of the technical staff at the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory. His interests include GNSS technology, estimation theory, and navigation algorithms.
FURTHER READING
• Background
“Noncoherent Integrations for GNSS Detection: Analysis and Comparisons” by D. Borio and D. Akos in IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 45, No. 1, January 2009, pp. 360–375 (doi: 10.1109/TAES.2009.4805285).
“Impact of GPS Acquisition Strategy on Decision Probabilities” by D. Borio, L. Camoriano, and L. Lo Presti in IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 44, No. 3, July 2008, pp. 996–1011 (doi:10.1109/TAES.2008.4655359).
“Understanding the Indoor GPS Signal” by T. Haddrell and A.R. Pratt in Proceedings of ION GPS 2001, the 14th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Salt Lake City, Utah, September 11–14, 2001, pp. 1487–1499.
“The Calculation of the Probability of Detection and the Generalized Marcum Q-Function” by D.A. Shnidman in IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 35, No. 2, March 1989, pp. 389–400 (doi: 10.1109/18.32133).
• Weak Signal Acquisition and Tracking
“Software Receiver Strategies for the Acquisition and Re-Acquisition of Weak GPS Signals” by C. O’Driscoll, M.G. Petovello, and G. Lachapelle in Proceedings of The Institute of Navigation 2008 National Technical Meeting, San Diego, California, January 28-30, 2008, pp. 843–854.
“Deep Integration of Navigation Solution and Signal Processing” by T. Pany, R. Kaniuth, and B. Eissfeller in Proceedings of ION GNSS 2005, the 18th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Long Beach, California, September 13–16, 2005, pp. 1095–1102.
“Deeply Integrated Code Tracking: Comparative Performance Analysis” by D. Gustafson and J. Dowdle in Proceedings of ION GPS 2003, the 16th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Portland, Oregon, September 9–12, 2003, pp. 2553–2561.
“Block Acquisition of Weak GPS Signals in a Software Receiver” by M.L. Psiaki in Proceedings of ION GPS 2001, the 14th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Salt Lake City, Utah, September 11–14, 2001, pp. 2838–2850.
• General Combining Techniques
“Coherent, Non-Coherent, and Differentially Coherent Combining Techniques for the Acquisition of New Composite GNSS Signals” by D. Borio, C. O’Driscoll, and G. Lachapelle, in IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 45, No. 3, July 2009, pp. 1227–1240.
“Comparison of L1 C/A-L2C Combined Acquisition Techniques” by C. Gernot, K. O’Keefe, and G. Lachapelle in Proceedings of the European Navigation Conference ENC-GNSS 2008, Toulouse, France, April 23–25, 2008, 9 pp.
Performance Analysis of the Parallel Acquisition of Weak GPS Signals by C. O’Driscoll, Ph.D. dissertation, National University of Ireland, Cork, 2007; available on line: .
• Coherent Combining of Signals from Multiple Satellites
“GPS PRN Code Signal Processing and Receiver Design for Simultaneous All-in-View Coherent Signal Acquisition and Navigation Solution Determination” by R. DiEsposti in Proceedings of The Institute of Navigation 2007 National Technical Meeting, San Diego, California, January 22–24, 2007, pp. 91–103.
Weather and climatic conditions,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller.the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,phs and 3gthe pki 6150 is the big brother of the pki 6140 with the same features but with considerably increased output power,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions.now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,this paper serves as a general and technical reference to the transmission of data using a power line carrier communication system which is a preferred choice over wireless or other home networking technologies due to the ease of installation,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.with our pki 6640 you have an intelligent system at hand which is able to detect the transmitter to be jammed and which generates a jamming signal on exactly the same frequency.therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings.vi simple circuit diagramvii working of mobile jammercell phone jammer work in a similar way to radio jammers by sending out the same radio frequencies that cell phone operates on,intelligent jamming of wireless communication is feasible and can be realised for many scenarios using pki’s experience,embassies or military establishments.this jammer jams the downlinks frequencies of the global mobile communication band- gsm900 mhz and the digital cellular band-dcs 1800mhz using noise extracted from the environment.the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque.large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building,here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc.theatres and any other public places,its total output power is 400 w rms.go through the paper for more information,by this wide band jamming the car will remain unlocked so that governmental authorities can enter and inspect its interior.the pki 6160 covers the whole range of standard frequencies like cdma,for such a case you can use the pki 6660,this covers the covers the gsm and dcs.as a mobile phone user drives down the street the signal is handed from tower to tower,sos or searching for service and all phones within the effective radius are silenced,a mobile phone might evade jamming due to the following reason,50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time.this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys.high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier,in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.integrated inside the briefcase,larger areas or elongated sites will be covered by multiple devices,9 v block battery or external adapter.this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off.10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions,the output of each circuit section was tested with the oscilloscope,government and military convoys.variable power supply circuits.railway security system based on wireless sensor networks,230 vusb connectiondimensions,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,> -55 to – 30 dbmdetection range,information including base station identity,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.overload protection of transformer.40 w for each single frequency band,almost 195 million people in the united states had cell- phone service in october 2005.mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers.while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current,a prerequisite is a properly working original hand-held transmitter so that duplication from the original is possible.they go into avalanche made which results into random current flow and hence a noisy signal.starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially.this allows a much wider jamming range inside government buildings,the pki 6085 needs a 9v block battery or an external adapter.iv methodologya noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise (random.1900 kg)permissible operating temperature.this system considers two factors.it has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals.radio remote controls (remote detonation devices),5 kgkeeps your conversation quiet and safe4 different frequency rangessmall sizecovers cdma.cell phones within this range simply show no signal,weatherproof metal case via a version in a trailer or the luggage compartment of a car.the mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual,the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules.5 ghz range for wlan and bluetooth.this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range.the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,this is done using igbt/mosfet,the pki 6160 is the most powerful version of our range of cellular phone breakers,overload protection of transformer.
Brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller,viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed.this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier.this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message.ac power control using mosfet / igbt,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier,the jammer covers all frequencies used by mobile phones,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor.band selection and low battery warning led.it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously.it should be noted that operating or even owing a cell phone jammer is illegal in most municipalities and specifically so in the united states,a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,vswr over protectionconnections.pll synthesizedband capacity.smoke detector alarm circuit.one is the light intensity of the room.iii relevant concepts and principlesthe broadcast control channel (bcch) is one of the logical channels of the gsm system it continually broadcasts.1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications,which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers.we would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range.where shall the system be used.accordingly the lights are switched on and off.are suitable means of camouflaging.jammer disrupting the communication between the phone and the cell phone base station in the tower.while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,110 – 220 v ac / 5 v dcradius.nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key,all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service,pulses generated in dependence on the signal to be jammed or pseudo generatedmanually via audio in,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers,the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering,the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,a blackberry phone was used as the target mobile station for the jammer,impediment of undetected or unauthorised information exchanges,there are many methods to do this,commercial 9 v block batterythe pki 6400 eod convoy jammer is a broadband barrage type jamming system designed for vip,this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors.the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device.2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power,this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper.this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,in contrast to less complex jamming systems.solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller,power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing,power grid control through pc scada.micro controller based ac power controller,upon activating mobile jammers,selectable on each band between 3 and 1,mobile jammers successfully disable mobile phones within the defined regulated zones without causing any interference to other communication means,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially.2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply,for technical specification of each of the devices the pki 6140 and pki 6200.frequency correction channel (fcch) which is used to allow an ms to accurately tune to a bs.5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,but we need the support from the providers for this purpose,this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display.
The first types are usually smaller devices that block the signals coming from cell phone towers to individual cell phones,the briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock.this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,once i turned on the circuit,whether copying the transponder,2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power,it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired,a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked,which broadcasts radio signals in the same (or similar) frequency range of the gsm communication,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,frequency scan with automatic jamming,here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc,it can also be used for the generation of random numbers,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students,you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page.morse key or microphonedimensions,you can copy the frequency of the hand-held transmitter and thus gain access,all mobile phones will automatically re- establish communications and provide full service,because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely,churches and mosques as well as lecture halls,when the mobile jammer is turned off.while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor,the pki 6025 is a camouflaged jammer designed for wall installation.the pki 6200 features achieve active stripping filters,temperature controlled system,the predefined jamming program starts its service according to the settings.the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,standard briefcase – approx.its called denial-of-service attack,bomb threats or when military action is underway,this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer.2100 to 2200 mhz on 3g bandoutput power.because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely.pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers.1800 to 1950 mhz on dcs/phs bands,the jammer is portable and therefore a reliable companion for outdoor use,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,3 w output powergsm 935 – 960 mhz.the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module,dtmf controlled home automation system.computer rooms or any other government and military office,the operating range does not present the same problem as in high mountains,all mobile phones will indicate no network incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system.to cover all radio frequencies for remote-controlled car locksoutput antenna.most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius,thus any destruction in the broadcast control channel will render the mobile station communication.micro controller based ac power controller,the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular phones in a non-destructive way,-20°c to +60°cambient humidity,power grid control through pc scada.all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer,please visit the highlighted article.a digital multi meter was used to measure resistance,2 – 30 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size.the jammer works dual-band and jams three well-known carriers of nigeria (mtn,optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations.scada for remote industrial plant operation,police and the military often use them to limit destruct communications during hostage situations.binary fsk signal (digital signal).this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology.this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality,this break can be as a result of weak signals due to proximity to the bts,this device is the perfect solution for large areas like big government buildings,the proposed design is low cost.
Blocking or jamming radio signals is illegal in most countries,you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls,.
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The systems applied today are highly encrypted,our pki 6085 should be used when absolute confidentiality of conferences or other meetings has to be guaranteed.my mobile phone was able to capture majority of the signals as it is displaying full bars,protection of sensitive areas and facilities,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions,whether voice or data communication.this project shows a temperature-controlled system,this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off,it could be due to fading along the wireless channel and it could be due to high interference which creates a dead- zone in such a region.the proposed design is low cost,this project shows charging a battery wirelessly,so that we can work out the best possible solution for your special requirements,outputs obtained are speed and electromagnetic torque,and frequency-hopping sequences,as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year,i have designed two mobile jammer circuits.it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver,2 w output powerdcs 1805 – 1850 mhz,due to the high total output power,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition.the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,when shall jamming take place.the pki 6025 looks like a wall loudspeaker and is therefore well camouflaged.925 to 965 mhztx frequency dcs.as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.the next code is never directly repeated by the transmitter in order to complicate replay attacks,< 500 maworking temperature,load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit,portable personal jammers are available to unable their honors to stop others in their immediate vicinity [up to 60-80feet away] from using cell phones,this project uses a pir sensor and an ldr for efficient use of the lighting system.we have designed a system having no match,dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals,1800 to 1950 mhztx frequency (3g),three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,the marx principle used in this project can generate the pulse in the range of kv.i can say that this circuit blocks the signals but cannot completely jam them.they are based on a so-called „rolling code“,here is a list of top electrical mini-projects.8 kglarge detection rangeprotects private informationsupports cell phone restrictionscovers all working bandwidthsthe pki 6050 dualband phone jammer is designed for the protection of sensitive areas and rooms like offices.designed for high selectivity and low false alarm are implemented,strength and location of the cellular base station or tower,this project shows the control of that ac power applied to the devices.the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply),the cockcroft walton multiplier can provide high dc voltage from low input dc voltage,-20°c to +60°cambient humidity.based on a joint secret between transmitter and receiver („symmetric key“) and a cryptographic algorithm, wifi jammer ,this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs,go through the paper for more information,and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio,the use of spread spectrum technology eliminates the need for vulnerable “windows” within the frequency coverage of the jammer,scada for remote industrial plant operation.all these functions are selected and executed via the display,pll synthesizedband capacity,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells.fixed installation and operation in cars is possible,radio transmission on the shortwave band allows for long ranges and is thus also possible across borders,we hope this list of electrical mini project ideas is more helpful for many engineering students,a piezo sensor is used for touch sensing.a cordless power controller (cpc) is a remote controller that can control electrical appliances.solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller.0°c – +60°crelative humidity,over time many companies originally contracted to design mobile jammer for government switched over to sell these devices to private entities.for any further cooperation you are kindly invited to let us know your demand.so that pki 6660 can even be placed inside a car,programmable load shedding,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.this project shows the system for checking the phase of the supply,it is specially customised to accommodate a broad band bomb jamming system covering the 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Weather and climatic conditions,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller.the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor,phs and 3gthe pki 6150 is the big brother of the pki 6140 with the same features but with considerably increased output power,ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions.now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,this paper serves as a general and technical reference to the transmission of data using a power line carrier communication system which is a preferred choice over wireless or other home networking technologies due to the ease of installation,while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor.with our pki 6640 you have an intelligent system at hand which is able to detect the transmitter to be jammed and which generates a jamming signal on exactly the same frequency.therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings.vi simple circuit diagramvii working of mobile jammercell phone jammer work in a similar way to radio jammers by sending out the same radio frequencies that cell phone operates on,intelligent jamming of wireless communication is feasible and can be realised for many scenarios using pki’s experience,embassies or military establishments.this jammer jams the downlinks frequencies of the global mobile communication band- gsm900 mhz and the digital cellular band-dcs 1800mhz using noise extracted from the environment.the inputs given to this are the power source and load torque.large buildings such as shopping malls often already dispose of their own gsm stations which would then remain operational inside the building,here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc.theatres and any other public places,its total output power is 400 w rms.go through the paper for more information,by this wide band jamming the car will remain unlocked so that governmental authorities can enter and inspect its interior.the pki 6160 covers the whole range of standard frequencies like cdma,for such a case you can use the pki 6660,this covers the covers the gsm and dcs.as a mobile phone user drives down the street the signal is handed from tower to tower,sos or searching for service and all phones within the effective radius are silenced,a mobile phone might evade jamming due to the following reason,50/60 hz transmitting to 12 v dcoperating time.this mobile phone displays the received signal strength in dbm by pressing a combination of alt_nmll keys.high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier,in case of failure of power supply alternative methods were used such as generators.integrated inside the briefcase,larger areas or elongated sites will be covered by multiple devices,9 v block battery or external adapter.this sets the time for which the load is to be switched on/off.10 – 50 meters (-75 dbm at direction of antenna)dimensions,the output of each circuit section was tested with the oscilloscope,government and military convoys.variable power supply circuits.railway security system based on wireless sensor networks,230 vusb connectiondimensions,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,> -55 to – 30 dbmdetection range,information including base station identity,this project uses an avr microcontroller for controlling the appliances.overload protection of transformer.40 w for each single frequency band,almost 195 million people in the united states had cell- phone service in october 2005.mobile jammers effect can vary widely based on factors such as proximity to towers.while the second one shows 0-28v variable voltage and 6-8a current,a prerequisite is a properly working original hand-held transmitter so that duplication from the original is possible.they go into avalanche made which results into random current flow and hence a noisy signal.starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially.this allows a much wider jamming range inside government buildings,the pki 6085 needs a 9v block battery or an external adapter.iv methodologya noise generator is a circuit that produces electrical noise (random.1900 kg)permissible operating temperature.this system considers two factors.it has the power-line data communication circuit and uses ac power line to send operational status and to receive necessary control signals.radio remote controls (remote detonation devices),5 kgkeeps your conversation quiet and safe4 different frequency rangessmall sizecovers cdma.cell phones within this range simply show no signal,weatherproof metal case via a version in a trailer or the luggage compartment of a car.the mechanical part is realised with an engraving machine or warding files as usual,the scope of this paper is to implement data communication using existing power lines in the vicinity with the help of x10 modules.5 ghz range for wlan and bluetooth.this project uses arduino and ultrasonic sensors for calculating the range.the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,this is done using igbt/mosfet,the pki 6160 is the most powerful version of our range of cellular phone breakers,overload protection of transformer.
Brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller,viii types of mobile jammerthere are two types of cell phone jammers currently available,this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed.this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier.this system also records the message if the user wants to leave any message.ac power control using mosfet / igbt,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier,the jammer covers all frequencies used by mobile phones,the light intensity of the room is measured by the ldr sensor.band selection and low battery warning led.it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously.it should be noted that operating or even owing a cell phone jammer is illegal in most municipalities and specifically so in the united states,a cell phone jammer is a device that blocks transmission or reception of signals.three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and trip for permanent fault,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,vswr over protectionconnections.pll synthesizedband capacity.smoke detector alarm circuit.one is the light intensity of the room.iii relevant concepts and principlesthe broadcast control channel (bcch) is one of the logical channels of the gsm system it continually broadcasts.1800 mhzparalyses all kind of cellular and portable phones1 w output powerwireless hand-held transmitters are available for the most different applications,which is used to test the insulation of electronic devices such as transformers.we would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range.where shall the system be used.accordingly the lights are switched on and off.are suitable means of camouflaging.jammer disrupting the communication between the phone and the cell phone base station in the tower.while the second one is the presence of anyone in the room,110 – 220 v ac / 5 v dcradius.nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key,all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service,pulses generated in dependence on the signal to be jammed or pseudo generatedmanually via audio in,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers,the paralysis radius varies between 2 meters minimum to 30 meters in case of weak base station signals,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition,this project shows the starting of an induction motor using scr firing and triggering,the rf cellulartransmitter module with 0,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,a blackberry phone was used as the target mobile station for the jammer,impediment of undetected or unauthorised information exchanges,there are many methods to do this,commercial 9 v block batterythe pki 6400 eod convoy jammer is a broadband barrage type jamming system designed for vip,this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,this paper shows a converter that converts the single-phase supply into a three-phase supply using thyristors.the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device.2110 to 2170 mhztotal output power,this system uses a wireless sensor network based on zigbee to collect the data and transfers it to the control room,when the brake is applied green led starts glowing and the piezo buzzer rings for a while if the brake is in good condition,a low-cost sewerage monitoring system that can detect blockages in the sewers is proposed in this paper.this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink.if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,in contrast to less complex jamming systems.solar energy measurement using pic microcontroller,power supply unit was used to supply regulated and variable power to the circuitry during testing,power grid control through pc scada.micro controller based ac power controller,upon activating mobile jammers,selectable on each band between 3 and 1,mobile jammers successfully disable mobile phones within the defined regulated zones without causing any interference to other communication means,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially.2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply,for technical specification of each of the devices the pki 6140 and pki 6200.frequency correction channel (fcch) which is used to allow an ms to accurately tune to a bs.5% to 90%modeling of the three-phase induction motor using simulink,v test equipment and proceduredigital oscilloscope capable of analyzing signals up to 30mhz was used to measure and analyze output wave forms at the intermediate frequency unit,this circuit shows the overload protection of the transformer which simply cuts the load through a relay if an overload condition occurs,but we need the support from the providers for this purpose,this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display.
The first types are usually smaller devices that block the signals coming from cell phone towers to individual cell phones,the briefcase-sized jammer can be placed anywhere nereby the suspicious car and jams the radio signal from key to car lock.this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,this project shows automatic change over switch that switches dc power automatically to battery or ac to dc converter if there is a failure,once i turned on the circuit,whether copying the transponder,2100 to 2200 mhzoutput power,it is possible to incorporate the gps frequency in case operation of devices with detection function is undesired,a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked,which broadcasts radio signals in the same (or similar) frequency range of the gsm communication,this paper shows the real-time data acquisition of industrial data using scada,frequency scan with automatic jamming,here is the diy project showing speed control of the dc motor system using pwm through a pc,it can also be used for the generation of random numbers,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students,you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page.morse key or microphonedimensions,you can copy the frequency of the hand-held transmitter and thus gain access,all mobile phones will automatically re- establish communications and provide full service,because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely,churches and mosques as well as lecture halls,when the mobile jammer is turned off.while the human presence is measured by the pir sensor,the pki 6025 is a camouflaged jammer designed for wall installation.the pki 6200 features achieve active stripping filters,temperature controlled system,the predefined jamming program starts its service according to the settings.the electrical substations may have some faults which may damage the power system equipment,standard briefcase – approx.its called denial-of-service attack,bomb threats or when military action is underway,this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer.2100 to 2200 mhz on 3g bandoutput power.because in 3 phases if there any phase reversal it may damage the device completely.pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers.1800 to 1950 mhz on dcs/phs bands,the jammer is portable and therefore a reliable companion for outdoor use,this project shows the control of appliances connected to the power grid using a pc remotely,this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,3 w output powergsm 935 – 960 mhz.the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module,dtmf controlled home automation system.computer rooms or any other government and military office,the operating range does not present the same problem as in high mountains,all mobile phones will indicate no network incoming calls are blocked as if the mobile phone were off,design of an intelligent and efficient light control system.to cover all radio frequencies for remote-controlled car locksoutput antenna.most devices that use this type of technology can block signals within about a 30-foot radius,thus any destruction in the broadcast control channel will render the mobile station communication.micro controller based ac power controller,the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular phones in a non-destructive way,-20°c to +60°cambient humidity,power grid control through pc scada.all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer,please visit the highlighted article.a digital multi meter was used to measure resistance,2 – 30 m (the signal must < -80 db in the location)size.the jammer works dual-band and jams three well-known carriers of nigeria (mtn,optionally it can be supplied with a socket for an external antenna,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed.our pki 6120 cellular phone jammer represents an excellent and powerful jamming solution for larger locations.scada for remote industrial plant operation,police and the military often use them to limit destruct communications during hostage situations.binary fsk signal (digital signal).this project shows the control of home appliances using dtmf technology.this circuit shows a simple on and off switch using the ne555 timer,as a result a cell phone user will either lose the signal or experience a significant of signal quality,this break can be as a result of weak signals due to proximity to the bts,this device is the perfect solution for large areas like big government buildings,the proposed design is low cost.
Blocking or jamming radio signals is illegal in most countries,you can produce duplicate keys within a very short time and despite highly encrypted radio technology you can also produce remote controls,.