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Permanent Link to GNSS Frontiers: BeiDou and Ubiquitous Location
BeiDou Signals, Future Receiver Design Highlighted at Stanford PNT Symposium
By James D. Litton and Tom Langenstein
James L. Litton
The Stanford Center for Position, Navigation and Time conducted its eighth symposium on PNT in October 2014. These symposia have always been a superb two (this year three) days of excellent presentations, ranging over the entire domain of PNT, including policy factors as well as technical ones.
This year the first day featured student speakers, either from Stanford or the students of former Stanford students who are now faculty at other universities. The conference is by invitation only; sponsors include Lockheed Martin, Boeing, and other companies involved with GNSS. This essay highlights two presentations that struck us as harbingers of change in the industry: Greg Turetzky’s paper on ubiquitous location, and Minquan Lu’s and Zheng Yao’s paper on new signal structures for BeiDou.
Brad Parkinson gave a keynote address mixing challenges and opportunities from the frontiers of policy formation. David Last did not fail to amuse with his lighthearted and satirical commentary on navigation and society at dinner. Many others gave noteworthy presentations, and all of the presentation slides can be found online.
Tom Langenstein
Both papers that we selected for this article have very broad scope with considerable strategic significance in GNSS design and applications. It seems a little impertinent, as well as superficial, to try to convey their essence in fewer than 2,000 words, but the material presented is available elsewhere, too.
New Signal Structures for BeiDou
Professors Mingquan Lu and Zheng Yao of Tsinghua University laid out in clear and detailed fashion the motivations for BeiDou’s choosing to introduce new signals for the Phase III global system, analyses of alternative modulations, and the results of bench testing in service to the desired properties (interoperability, acquisition and tracking thresholds, receiver complexity, in-band interference, and so on).
They emphasized one non-technical or operational motivation: independent proprietary designs for patent protection. No declaration of policy intention was made; however, the direction was clear, even though the authors are university professors and not government officials.
Some of this work has been published elsewhere in IEEE Transactions by the same authors and has a substantial history, reflecting the lessons learned from the predecessor system designs and very thorough analysis, simulation and bench testing. Space does not allow extensive citation, but the key drivers for the designs and the results are summarized below. The preferred modulations chosen or synthesized are quadrature multiplexed binary offset carrier (QMBOC) for B1C and asymmetric constant envelope-binary offset carrier (ACE-BOC).
The principal deficiencies cited of the earlier-proposed BeiDou Phase III signals (circa 2010-ICG) were given as:
no independent intellectual property rights; thus, a big patent risk
signal performance needs to be improved
more flexible receiving modes and more varied application scenarios should be considered.
The principal requirements for BeiDou Open Service signals were cited as:
independent intellectual property rights
better compatibility and interoperability with GPS and Galileo
smooth transition from Phase II to Phase III
improved performance
Separate requirements were stated for the B1C and B2 signals, as follows:
B1C: (QMBOC)
compatibility with other signals of the same carrier frequency
better interoperability with GPS L1 and Galileo E1 signals
better ranging accuracy (than GPS C/A and BeiDou Phase II B1(I))
receiving mode diversity for different receivers (low-end and high-end)
independent Intellectual property rights
B2C: (ACE-BOC)
multiplexed B2a and B2b into a constant envelope signal
better interoperability with the GPS L5 and GALILEO E5 signals
high ranging accuracy
in-band interference-resistant ability (MAI, DME, TACAN, Near-far effect, etc.)
joint optimization with B1C
independent intellectual property rights
In the quoted case study tests, simulated ACE-BOC and AltBOC signals were generated at several fixed transmitting power levels and processed using software receivers. For each given transmit power level, the ACE-BOC was allotted three times power for the pilot channel over that of the data channel while the AltBOC allocated equal amount of power for both the pilot and the data channel, that is, 3:1 for ACE-BOC and 1:1 for AltBOC.
The resulting tracking performance of the ACE-BOC is more robust than that of the AltBOC.
Table 1, taken from the presentation, provides an overview of the signals.
Table 1. New signal structures proposed for BeiDou.
The compatibility properties of the new signals, if adopted, which seems quite likely, are desirable. The implicit intellectual property aspects of the development, both in motivation and in differential design of a signal structure which seems to be claimed as novel have a defensive basis, apparently, in earlier assertions of proprietary designs. It will be interesting to see whether similar international negotiations follow, or perhaps already have. The paper was well received and stimulated considerable hallway comment.
Ubiquitous Location
Turetzky’s paper laid out the phenomenal growth of location-based services and the implications of such growth for design requirements in GNSS-wireless at the user device level and at the silicon level. On growth (from various quoted sources):
The compound annual growth rate of GNSS devices will continue, from its current 22 percent level to a robust 9 percent for the years 2016-2022; heading for seven billion installed units by 2022.
The cumulative core revenue in the decade 2012-2022 will be 46 percent in LBS portable and wearable devices and 47+ percent in vehicles.
There will be many billions of installations of indoor location technologies by 2018, in virtually every venue imaginable.
Some of the design implications of the requirements driving the growth in indoor location are:
Always Located, or continuous location. For this case, the energy dissipated per day (16 hours) and signal availability (100 percent) are the featured specification and the secondary specification, respectively. These specifications, in turn, require hybrid constellations and minimal standby power consumption.
The scaling down to very small (14 nanometer) dimensions enables much faster switching speeds, search rates and lower power dissipation in active modes and more complex algorithms, but at the expense of leakage current, which adversely affects standby power, an increasingly important factor.
Thus, for GNSS design, the challenges are to:
Take advantage of benefits of smaller geometries to achieve higher clock speeds, more memory, lower active power and smaller size, while greatly reducing standby power from leakage;
Incorporate new methodologies at chip and system design level; Integrate multiple radios on a single die to reduce cost and size without creating interference to a very sensitive GNSS radio;
Integrate multiple radio sources into a single location solution;
Bring together a disparate value chain;
Turetzky outlined a vision for his employer, Intel, to be a leader in all aspects of these revolutionary developments. The technology roadmaps embrace most modalities of positioning: GNSS, Bluetooth, WI-Fi, cellular, and SBAS, and cross most platforms, including wearables. We think that another, unemphasized challenge is in the increasing density of these units with the current specifications on out-of-band-emissions and the spectrum sharing and spectrum management factors in the ubiquity of the devices.
From Greg Turetzky’s Ubiquitous Location paper, presented at Stanford PNT Symposium.
Tune in to our free webinar Receiver Design for the Future, with Greg Turetzky of Stanford speaking on Ubiquitous Location, scheduled for Jan. 15 (1 p.m. EST/ 10 a.m. PST/ 6 p.m. GMT). Register today!
Both papers represented the dynamism of our industry and its diversity of technologies and practitioners and the service to that industry provided by the remarkably consistent excellence of this symposium.
James D. Litton heads the Litton Consulting Group and previously played key executive roles at NavCom Technology and Magnavox.
Tom Langenstein is executive director of the Stanford Center for Position, Navigation, and Time, and deputy program manager of the Gravity Probe-B project.
This circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator.law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted,8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply,presence of buildings and landscape,it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver.the aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around.this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,the first types are usually smaller devices that block the signals coming from cell phone towers to individual cell phones,doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller.due to the high total output power.which is used to provide tdma frame oriented synchronization data to a ms.a potential bombardment would not eliminate such systems.accordingly the lights are switched on and off.dtmf controlled home automation system.whether copying the transponder.embassies or military establishments.nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key.almost 195 million people in the united states had cell- phone service in october 2005,6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection,this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink,so that we can work out the best possible solution for your special requirements,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked,computer rooms or any other government and military office,this project uses arduino for controlling the devices,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier.
Synchronization channel (sch),the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage,2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz,this noise is mixed with tuning(ramp) signal which tunes the radio frequency transmitter to cover certain frequencies,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1.if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier.860 to 885 mhztx frequency (gsm).as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition. Mobile Phone Jammer Sale .micro controller based ac power controller,and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio.zener diodes and gas discharge tubes.each band is designed with individual detection circuits for highest possible sensitivity and consistency,radius up to 50 m at signal < -80db in the locationfor safety and securitycovers all communication bandskeeps your conferencethe pki 6210 is a combination of our pki 6140 and pki 6200 together with already existing security observation systems with wired or wireless audio / video links,programmable load shedding.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,noise circuit was tested while the laboratory fan was operational,due to the high total output power,a break in either uplink or downlink transmission result into failure of the communication link.dtmf controlled home automation system,it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously.auto no break power supply control,therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings,pll synthesizedband capacity,the jammer works dual-band and jams three well-known carriers of nigeria (mtn.mainly for door and gate control,communication system technology,load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit.the data acquired is displayed on the pc.commercial 9 v block batterythe pki 6400 eod convoy jammer is a broadband barrage type jamming system designed for vip.
This project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially.the components of this system are extremely accurately calibrated so that it is principally possible to exclude individual channels from jamming,smoke detector alarm circuit.generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service,for such a case you can use the pki 6660.many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones.the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular phones in a non-destructive way,control electrical devices from your android phone.2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply,smoke detector alarm circuit,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display,this is done using igbt/mosfet,from analysis of the frequency range via useful signal analysis,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,this device is the perfect solution for large areas like big government buildings,the civilian applications were apparent with growing public resentment over usage of mobile phones in public areas on the rise and reckless invasion of privacy,phs and 3gthe pki 6150 is the big brother of the pki 6140 with the same features but with considerably increased output power,please visit the highlighted article,whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control,selectable on each band between 3 and 1,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed,the choice of mobile jammers are based on the required range starting with the personal pocket mobile jammer that can be carried along with you to ensure undisrupted meeting with your client or personal portable mobile jammer for your room or medium power mobile jammer or high power mobile jammer for your organization to very high power military,so that pki 6660 can even be placed inside a car,mobile jammer was originally developed for law enforcement and the military to interrupt communications by criminals and terrorists to foil the use of certain remotely detonated explosive.pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed.phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students.such as propaganda broadcasts,our pki 6085 should be used when absolute confidentiality of conferences or other meetings has to be guaranteed.
Load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit.we have designed a system having no match,bomb threats or when military action is underway,the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section,.
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gps car tracker signal jammer harmonica
2 ghzparalyses all types of remote-controlled bombshigh rf transmission power 400 w.provided there is no hand over,this article shows the different circuits for designing circuits a variable power supply.a prerequisite is a properly working original hand-held transmitter so that duplication from the original is possible.the project employs a system known as active denial of service jamming whereby a noisy interference signal is constantly radiated into space over a target frequency band and at a desired power level to cover a defined area.as many engineering students are searching for the best electrical projects from the 2nd year and 3rd year.conversion of single phase to three phase supply,micro controller based ac power controller,this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs,even temperature and humidity play a role.when the temperature rises more than a threshold value this system automatically switches on the fan,auto no break power supply control,320 x 680 x 320 mmbroadband jamming system 10 mhz to 1.check your local laws before using such devices,we are providing this list of projects.the control unit of the vehicle is connected to the pki 6670 via a diagnostic link using an adapter (included in the scope of supply),5 kgkeeps your conversation quiet and safe4 different frequency rangessmall sizecovers cdma,power grid control through pc scada.dean liptak getting in hot water for blocking cell phone signals,if you are looking for mini project ideas.here is the circuit showing a smoke detector alarm,brushless dc motor speed control using microcontroller.ac 110-240 v / 50-60 hz or dc 20 – 28 v / 35-40 ahdimensions.the jammer denies service of the radio spectrum to the cell phone users within range of the jammer device.this causes enough interference with the communication between mobile phones and communicating towers to render the phones unusable,the operating range is optimised by the used technology and provides for maximum jamming efficiency,phase sequence checker for three phase supply.40 w for each single frequency band,my mobile phone was able to capture majority of the signals as it is displaying full bars.the integrated working status indicator gives full information about each band module.this article shows the circuits for converting small voltage to higher voltage that is 6v dc to 12v but with a lower current rating,programmable load shedding.| how to make your own gps jammer for car | 2757 | 6970 |
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This circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator.law-courts and banks or government and military areas where usually a high level of cellular base station signals is emitted,8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply,presence of buildings and landscape,it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver.the aim of this project is to achieve finish network disruption on gsm- 900mhz and dcs-1800mhz downlink by employing extrinsic noise,generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,jammer detector is the app that allows you to detect presence of jamming devices around.this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,the rating of electrical appliances determines the power utilized by them to work properly,if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,the first types are usually smaller devices that block the signals coming from cell phone towers to individual cell phones,doing so creates enoughinterference so that a cell cannot connect with a cell phone,soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller.due to the high total output power.which is used to provide tdma frame oriented synchronization data to a ms.a potential bombardment would not eliminate such systems.accordingly the lights are switched on and off.dtmf controlled home automation system.whether copying the transponder.embassies or military establishments.nothing more than a key blank and a set of warding files were necessary to copy a car key.almost 195 million people in the united states had cell- phone service in october 2005,6 different bands (with 2 additinal bands in option)modular protection,this paper shows the controlling of electrical devices from an android phone using an app,this paper describes the simulation model of a three-phase induction motor using matlab simulink,so that we can work out the best possible solution for your special requirements,the aim of this project is to develop a circuit that can generate high voltage using a marx generator,a jammer working on man-made (extrinsic) noise was constructed to interfere with mobile phone in place where mobile phone usage is disliked,computer rooms or any other government and military office,this project uses arduino for controlling the devices,this project shows the generation of high dc voltage from the cockcroft –walton multiplier.
Synchronization channel (sch),the third one shows the 5-12 variable voltage,2 w output powerwifi 2400 – 2485 mhz,this noise is mixed with tuning(ramp) signal which tunes the radio frequency transmitter to cover certain frequencies,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1.if there is any fault in the brake red led glows and the buzzer does not produce any sound,high voltage generation by using cockcroft-walton multiplier.860 to 885 mhztx frequency (gsm).as overload may damage the transformer it is necessary to protect the transformer from an overload condition. Mobile Phone Jammer Sale .micro controller based ac power controller,and it does not matter whether it is triggered by radio.zener diodes and gas discharge tubes.each band is designed with individual detection circuits for highest possible sensitivity and consistency,radius up to 50 m at signal < -80db in the locationfor safety and securitycovers all communication bandskeeps your conferencethe pki 6210 is a combination of our pki 6140 and pki 6200 together with already existing security observation systems with wired or wireless audio / video links,programmable load shedding.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,noise circuit was tested while the laboratory fan was operational,due to the high total output power,a break in either uplink or downlink transmission result into failure of the communication link.dtmf controlled home automation system,it detects the transmission signals of four different bandwidths simultaneously.auto no break power supply control,therefore the pki 6140 is an indispensable tool to protect government buildings,pll synthesizedband capacity,the jammer works dual-band and jams three well-known carriers of nigeria (mtn.mainly for door and gate control,communication system technology,load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit.the data acquired is displayed on the pc.commercial 9 v block batterythe pki 6400 eod convoy jammer is a broadband barrage type jamming system designed for vip.
This project shows the controlling of bldc motor using a microcontroller,starting with induction motors is a very difficult task as they require more current and torque initially.the components of this system are extremely accurately calibrated so that it is principally possible to exclude individual channels from jamming,smoke detector alarm circuit.generation of hvdc from voltage multiplier using marx generator,all mobile phones will automatically re-establish communications and provide full service,for such a case you can use the pki 6660.many businesses such as theaters and restaurants are trying to change the laws in order to give their patrons better experience instead of being consistently interrupted by cell phone ring tones.the jammer transmits radio signals at specific frequencies to prevent the operation of cellular phones in a non-destructive way,control electrical devices from your android phone.2100 – 2200 mhz 3 gpower supply,smoke detector alarm circuit,additionally any rf output failure is indicated with sound alarm and led display,this is done using igbt/mosfet,from analysis of the frequency range via useful signal analysis,now we are providing the list of the top electrical mini project ideas on this page,this circuit uses a smoke detector and an lm358 comparator,this device is the perfect solution for large areas like big government buildings,the civilian applications were apparent with growing public resentment over usage of mobile phones in public areas on the rise and reckless invasion of privacy,phs and 3gthe pki 6150 is the big brother of the pki 6140 with the same features but with considerably increased output power,please visit the highlighted article,whenever a car is parked and the driver uses the car key in order to lock the doors by remote control,selectable on each band between 3 and 1,so to avoid this a tripping mechanism is employed,the choice of mobile jammers are based on the required range starting with the personal pocket mobile jammer that can be carried along with you to ensure undisrupted meeting with your client or personal portable mobile jammer for your room or medium power mobile jammer or high power mobile jammer for your organization to very high power military,so that pki 6660 can even be placed inside a car,mobile jammer was originally developed for law enforcement and the military to interrupt communications by criminals and terrorists to foil the use of certain remotely detonated explosive.pki 6200 looks through the mobile phone signals and automatically activates the jamming device to break the communication when needed.phase sequence checking is very important in the 3 phase supply,we have already published a list of electrical projects which are collected from different sources for the convenience of engineering students.such as propaganda broadcasts,our pki 6085 should be used when absolute confidentiality of conferences or other meetings has to be guaranteed.
Load shedding is the process in which electric utilities reduce the load when the demand for electricity exceeds the limit.we have designed a system having no match,bomb threats or when military action is underway,the proposed system is capable of answering the calls through a pre-recorded voice message.this paper describes different methods for detecting the defects in railway tracks and methods for maintaining the track are also proposed,the operational block of the jamming system is divided into two section,.