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Permanent Link to Testing Software Receivers
To meet the challenges inherent in producing a low-cost, highly CPU-efficient software receiver, the multiple offset post-processing method leverages the unique features of software GNSS to greatly improve the coverage and statistical validity of receiver testing compared to traditional, hardware-based testing setups, in some cases by an order of magnitude or more.
By Alexander Mitelman, Jakob Almqvist, Robin Håkanson, David Karlsson, Fredrik Lindström, Thomas Renström, Christian Ståhlberg, and James Tidd, Cambridge Silicon Radio
Real-world GNSS receiver testing forms a crucial step in the product development cycle. Unfortunately, traditional testing methods are time-consuming and labor-intensive, particularly when it is necessary to evaluate both nominal performance and the likelihood of unexpected deviations with a high level of confidence. This article describes a simple, efficient method that exploits the unique features of software GNSS receivers to achieve both goals. The approach improves the scope and statistical validity of test coverage by an order of magnitude or more compared with conventional methods.
While approaches vary, one common aspect of all discussions of GNSS receiver testing is that any proposed testing methodology should be statistically significant. Whether in the laboratory or the real world, meeting this goal requires a large number of independent test results. For traditional hardware GNSS receivers, this implies either a long series of sequential trials, or the testing of a large number of nominally identical devices in parallel. Unfortunately, both options present significant drawbacks.
Owing to their architecture, software GNSS receivers offer a unique solution to this problem. In contrast with a typical hardware receiver application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a modern software receiver typically performs most or all baseband signal processing and navigation calculations on a general-purpose processor. As a result, the digitization step typically occurs quite early in the RF chain, generally as close as possible to the signal input and first-stage gain element. The received signal at that point in the chain consists of raw intermediate frequency (IF) samples, which typically encapsulate the characteristics of the signal environment (multipath, fading, and so on), receiving antenna, analog RF stage (downconversion, filtering, and so on), and sampling, but are otherwise unprocessed. In addition to ordinary real-time operation, many software receivers are also capable of saving the digital data stream to disk for subsequent post-processing. Here we consider the potential applications of that post-processing to receiver testing.
FIGURE1. Conventional test drive (two receivers)
Conventional Testing Methods
Traditionally, the simplest way to test the real-world performance of a GNSS receiver is to put it in a vehicle or a portable pack; drive or walk around an area of interest (typically a challenging environment such as an “urban canyon”); record position data; plot the trajectory on a map; and evaluate it visually. An example of this is shown in Figure 1 for two receivers, in this case driven through the difficult radio environment of downtown San Francisco.
While appealing in its simplicity and direct visual representation of the test drive, this approach does not allow for any quantitative assessment of receiver performance; judging which receiver is “better” is inherently subjective here. Different receivers often have different strong and weak points in their tracking and navigation algorithms, so it can be difficult to assess overall performance, especially over the course of a long trial. Also, an accurate evaluation of a trial generally requires some first-hand knowledge of the test area; unless local maps are available in sufficiently high resolution, it may be difficult to tell, for example, how accurate a trajectory along a wooded area might be.
In Figure 2, it appears clear enough that the test vehicle passed down a narrow lane between two sets of buildings during this trial, but it can be difficult to tell how accurate this result actually is. As will be demonstrated below, making sense of a situation like this is essentially beyond the scope of the simple “visual plotting” test method.
FIGURE 2. Test result requiring local knowledge to interpretcorrectly.
To address these shortcomings, the simple test method can be refined through the introduction of a GNSS/INS truth reference system. This instrument combines the absolute position obtainable from GNSS with accurate relative measurements from a suite of inertial sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes, and occasionally magnetometers) when GNSS signals are degraded or unavailable. The reference system is carried or driven along with the devices under test (DUTs), and produces a truth trajectory against which the performance of the DUTs is compared.
This refined approach is a significant improvement over the first method in two ways: it provides a set of absolute reference positions against which the output of the DUTs can be compared, and it enables a quantitative measurement of position accuracy. Examples of these two improvements are shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
FIGURE 3. Improved test with GPS/INS truth reference: yellowdots denote receiver under test; green dots show the referencetrajectory of GPS/INS.
FIGURE 4. Time-aligned 2D error.
As shown in Figure 4, interpolating the truth trajectory and using the resulting time-aligned points to calculate instantaneous position errors yields a collection of scalar measurements en. From these values, it is straightforward to compute basic statistics like mean, 95th percentile, and maximum errors over the course of the trial. An example of this is shown in Figure 5, with the data (horizontal 2D error in this case) presented in several different ways. Note that the time interpolation step is not necessarily negligible: not all devices align their outputs to whole second boundaries of GPS time, so assuming a typical 1 Hz update rate, the timing skew between a DUT and the truth reference can be as large as 0.5 seconds. At typical motorway speeds, say 100 km/hr, this results in a 13.9 meter error between two points that ostensibly represent the same position. On the other hand, high-end GPS/INS systems can produce outputs at 100 Hz or higher, in which case this effect may be safely neglected.
FIGURE 5. Quantifying error using a truth reference
Despite their utility, both methods described above suffer from two fundamental limitations: results are inherently obtainable only in real time, and the scope of test coverage is limited to the number of receivers that can be fixed on the test rig simultaneously. Thus a test car outfitted with five receivers (a reasonable number, practically speaking) would be able to generate at most five quasi-independent results per outing.
Software Approach
The architecture of a software GNSS receiver is ideally suited to overcoming the limitations described above, as follows.
The raw IF data stream from the analog-to-digital converter is recorded to a file during the initial data collection. This file captures the essential characteristics of the RF chain (antenna pattern, downconverter, filters, and so on), as well as the signal environment in which the recording was made (fading, multipath, and so on). The IF file is then reprocessed offline multiple times in the lab, applying the results of careful profiling of various hardware platforms (for example, Pentium-class PC, ARM9-based embedded device, and so on) to properly model the constraints of the desired target platform. Each processing pass produces a position trajectory nominally identical to what the DUT would have gathered when running live. The complete multiple offset post-processi
ng (MOPP) setup is illustrated in Figure 6.
FIGURE 6. Multiple Offset Post-Processing (MOPP).
The fundamental improvement relative to a conventional testing approach lies in the multiple reprocessing runs. For each one, the raw data is processed starting from a small, progressively increasing time offset relative to the start of the IF file. A typical case would be 256 runs, with the offsets uniformly distributed between 0 and 100 milliseconds — but the number of runs is limited only by the available computing resources, and the granularity of the offsets is limited only by the sampling rate used for the original recording. The resulting set of trajectories is essentially the physical equivalent of having taken a large number of identical receivers (256 in this example), connecting them via a large signal splitter to a single common antenna, starting them all at approximately the same time (but not with perfect synchronization), and traversing the test route.
This approach produces several tangible benefits.
The large number of runs dramatically increases the statistical significance of the quantitative results (mean accuracy, 95th percentile error, worst-case error, and so on) produced by the test.
The process significantly increases the likelihood of identifying uncommon (but non-negligible) corner cases that could only be reliably found by far more testing using ordinary methods.
The approach is deterministic and completely repeatable, which is simply a consequence of the nature of software post-processing. Thus if a tuning improvement is made to the navigation filter in response to a particular observed artifact, for example, the effects of that change can be verified directly.
The proposed approach allows the evaluation of error models (for example, process noise parameters in a Kalman filter), so estimated measurement error can be compared against actual error when an accurate truth reference trajectory (such as that produced by the aforementioned GPS/INS) is available. Of course, this could be done with conventional testing as well, but the replay allows the same environment to be evaluated multiple times, so filter tuning is based on a large population of data rather than a single-shot test drive.
Start modes and assistance information may be controlled independently from the raw recorded data. So, for example, push-to-fix or A-GNSS performance can be tested with the same granularity as continuous navigation performance.
From an implementation standpoint, the proposed approach is attractive because it requires limited infrastructure and lends itself naturally to automated implementation. Setting up handful of generic PCs is far simpler and less expensive than configuring several hundred identical receivers (indeed, space requirements and RF signal splitting considerations alone make it impractical to set up a test rig with anywhere near the number of receivers mentioned above). As a result, the software replay setup effectively increases the testing coverage by several orders of magnitude in practice. Also, since post-processing can be done significantly faster than real time on modern hardware, these benefits can be obtained in a very time-efficient manner.
As with any testing method, the software approach has a few drawbacks in addition to the benefits described above. These issues must be addressed to ensure that results based on post-processing are valid and meaningful.
Error and Independence
The MOPP approach raises at least two obvious questions that merit further discussion.
How accurately does file replay match live operation?
Are runs from successive offsets truly independent?
The first question is answered quantitatively, as follows. A general-purpose software receiver (running on an x86-class netbook computer) was driven around a moderately challenging urban environment and used to gather live position data (NMEA) and raw digital data (IF samples) simultaneously. The IF file was post-processed with zero offset using the same receiver executable, incorporating the appropriate system profiling to accurately model the constraints of real-time processing as described above, to yield a second NMEA trajectory. Finally, the two NMEA files were compared using the methods shown in Figure 4 and Figure 5, this time substituting the post-processed trajectory for the GPS/INS reference data. A plot of the resulting horizontal error is shown in Figure 7.
FIGURE 7. Quantifying error introduced by post-processing.
The mean horizontal error introduced by the post-processing approach relative to the live trajectory is on the order of 2.5 meters. This value represents the best accuracy achievable by file replay process for this environment.
More challenging environments will likely have larger minimum error bounds, but that aspect has not yet been investigated fully; it will be considered in future work. Also, a single favorable comparison of live recording against a single replay, as shown above, does not prove that the replay procedure will always recreate a live test drive with complete accuracy. Nevertheless, this result increases the confidence that a replayed trajectory is a reasonable representation of a test drive, and that the errors in the procedure are in line with the differences that can be expected between two identical receivers being tested at the same time.
To address the question of run-to-run independence, consider two trajectories generated by post-processing a single IF file with offsets jB and kB, where B is some minimum increment size (one sample, one buffer, and so on), and define FJK to be some quantitative measurement of interest, for example mean or 95th percentile horizontal error. The deterministic nature of the file replay process guarantees FJK = 0 for j = k. Where j and k differ by a sufficient amount to generate independent trajectories, FJK will not be constant, but should be centered about some non-negative underlying value that represents the typical level of error (disagreement) between nominally identical receivers. As mentioned earlier, this is the approximate equivalent of connecting two matched receivers to a common antenna, starting them at approximately the same time, and driving them along the test trajectory.
Given these definitions, independence is indicated by an abrupt transition in FJK between identical runs ( j = k) and immediately adjacent runs (|j – k| = 1) for a given offset spacing B. Conversely, a gradual transition indicates temporal correlation, and could be used to determine the minimum offset size required to ensure run-to-run independence if necessary. As shown in Figure 8, the MOPP parameters used in this study (256 offsets, uniformly spaced on [0, 100 msec] for each IF file) result in independent outputs, as desired.
FIGURE 8. Verifying independence of adjacent offsets (upper: full view; lower: zoomed top view)
One subtlety pertaining to the independence analysis deserves mention here in the context of the MOPP method. Intuitively, it might appear that the offset size B should have a lower usable bound, below which temporal correlation begins to appear between adjacent post-processing runs. Although a detailed explanation is outside the scope of this paper, it can be shown that certain architectural choices in the design of a receiver’s baseband can lead to somewhat counterintuitive results in this regard.
As a simple example, consider a receiver that does not forcibly align its channel measurements to whole-second boundaries of system time. Such a device will produce its measurements at slightly different times with respect to the various timing markers in the incoming signal (epoch, subframe, and frame boundaries) for each different post-processing offset. As a result, the position solution at a given time point will differ slightly between adjacent post-processing runs until the offset size becomes smaller than the receiver’s granularity limit (one packet, one sample, and so on), at which point the outputs from successive offsets will become identical. Conversely, altering the starting point by even a single offset will result in a run sufficiently different from its predecessor to warrant its inclusion in a statistical population.
Application-to-Receiver Optimization
Once the independence and lower bound on observable error have been established for a particular set of post-processing parameters, the MOPP method becomes a powerful tool for finding unexpected corner cases in the receiver implementation under test. An example of this is shown in Figure 9, using the 95th percentile horizontal error as the statistical quantity of interest.
FIGURE 9. Identifying a rare corner case (upper: full view; lower: top view)
For this IF file, the “baseline” level for the 95th percentile horizontal error is approximately 6.7 meters. The trajectory generated by offset 192, however, exhibits a 95th percentile horizontal error with respect to all other trajectories of approximately 12.9 meters, or nearly twice as large as the rest of the data set. Clearly, this is a significant, but evidently rare, corner case — one that would have required a substantial amount of drive testing (and a bit of luck) to discover by conventional methods.
When an artifact of the type shown above is identified, the deterministic nature of software post-processing makes it straightforward to identify the particular conditions in the input signal that trigger the anomalous behavior. The receiver’s diagnostic outputs can be observed at the exact instant when the navigation solution begins to diverge from the truth trajectory, and any affected algorithms can be tuned or corrected as appropriate. The potential benefits of this process are demonstrated in Figure 10.
FIGURE 10. Before (top) and after (bottom) MOPP-guided tuning (blue = 256 trajectories; green = truth)
Limitations
While the foregoing results demonstrate the utility of the MOPP approach, this method naturally has several limitations as well. First, the IF replay process is not perfect, so a small amount of error is introduced with respect to the true underlying trajectory as a result of the post-processing itself. Provided this error is small compared to those caused by any corner cases of interest, it does not significantly affect the usefulness of the analysis — but it must be kept in mind.
Second, the accuracy of the replay (and therefore the detection threshold for anomalous artifacts) may depend on the RF environment and on the hardware profiling used during post-processing; ideally, this threshold would be constant regardless of the environment and post-processing settings.
Third, the replay process operates on a single IF file, so it effectively presents the same clock and front-end noise profile to all replay trajectories. In a real-world test including a large number of nominally identical receivers, these two noise sources would be independent, though with similar statistical characteristics. As with the imperfections in the replay process, this limitation should be negligible provided the errors due to any corner cases of interest are relatively large.
Conclusions and Future Work
The multiple offset post-processing method leverages the unique features of software GNSS receivers to greatly improve the coverage and statistical validity of receiver testing compared to traditional, hardware-based testing setups, in some cases by an order of magnitude or more. The MOPP approach introduces minimal additional error into the testing process and produces results whose statistical independence is easily verifiable. When corner cases are found, the results can be used as a targeted tuning and debugging guide, making it possible to optimize receiver performance quickly and efficiently.
Although these results primarily concern continuous navigation, the MOPP method is equally well-suited to tuning and testing a receiver’s baseband, as well its tracking and acquisition performance. In particular, reliably short time-to-first-fix is often a key figure of merit in receiver designs, and several specifications require acquisition performance to be demonstrated within a prescribed confidence bound. Achieving the desired confidence level in difficult environments may require a very large number of starts — the statistical method described in the 3GPP 34.171 specification, for example, can require as many as 2765 start attempts before a pass or fail can be issued — so being able to evaluate a receiver’s acquisition performance quickly during development and testing, while still maintaining sufficient confidence in the results, is extremely valuable.
Future improvements to the MOPP method may include a careful study of the baseline detection threshold as a function of the testing environment (open sky, deep urban canyon, and so on). Another potentially fruitful line of investigation may be to simulate the effects of physically distinct front ends by adding independent, identically distributed swaths of noise to copies of the raw IF file prior to executing the multiple offset runs.
Alexander Mitelman is GNSS research manager at Cambridge Silicon Radio. He earned his M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Stanford University. His research interests include signal quality monitoring and the development of algorithms and testing methodologies for GNSS.
Jakob Almqvist is an M.Sc. student at Luleå University of Technology in Sweden, majoring in space engineering, and currently working as a software engineer at Cambridge Silicon Radio.
Robin Håkanson is a software engineer at Cambridge Silicon Radio. His interests include the design of optimized GNSS software algorithms, particularly targeting low-end systems.
David Karlsson leads GNSS test activities for Cambridge Silicon Radio. He earned his M.S. in computer science and engineering from Linköping University, Sweden. His current focus is on test automation development for embedded software and hardware GNSS receivers.
Fredrik Lindström is a software engineer at Cambridge Silicon Radio. His primary interest is general GNSS software development.
Thomas Renström is a software engineer at Cambridge Silicon Radio. His primary interests include developing acquisition and tracking algorithms for GNSS software receivers.
Christian Ståhlberg is a senior software engineer at Cambridge Silicon Radio. He holds an M.Sc. in computer science from Luleå University of Technology. His research interests include the development of advanced algorithms for GNSS signal processing and their mapping to computer architecture.
James Tidd is a senior navigation engineer at Cambridge Silicon Radio. He earned his M.Eng. from Loughborough University in systems engineering. His research interests
include integrated navigation, encompassing GNSS, low-cost sensors, and signals of opportunity.
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item: Cell phone jamming techniques , antenna cell phone booster 1 votes
cell phone jamming techniques
Samsung atadv10jbe ac adapter 5v dc 0.7a charger cellphone power.altec lansing s024em0500260 ac adapter 5vdc 2600ma -(+) 2x5.5mm,microsoft 1625 ac adapter 12vdc 2.58a used charger for surface p.ideation industrial be-090-15 switching adapter 29.5vdc 1.5a cha.belkin utc001-b usb power adapter 5vdc 550ma charger power suppl,liteon pa-1750-08 ac adapter 15vdc 5a pa3378u-1aca pa3378e-1aca.olympus ps-bcm2 bcm-2 li-on battery charger used 8.35vdc 400ma 1.hp ppp017l ac adapter 18.5vdc 6.5a 5x7.4mm 120w pa-1121-12h 3166,condor 3a-066wp09 ac adapter 9vdc 0.67a used -(+) 2x5.5mm straig,ault 3com pw130 ac adapter 48vdc 420ma switching power supply,now type use wifi/wifi_ jammer (as shown in below image),4.5vdc 350ma dc car adapter charger used -(+) 1x3.5x9.6mm 90 deg,d-link dhp-300 powerline hd network starter kit dlink used.hp ppp012h-s ac adapter 19v dc 4.74a 90w used 1x5.2x7.4x12.5mm s.panasonic cf-aa5803a m2 ac adapter 15.6v 8a laptop charger power,the latest 5g signal jammers are available in the jammer -buy store,phihong psac10r-050 ac adapter 5vdc 2a used -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-240,finecom azs5439 pw125 ac adapter 9v dc 4a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm replace,atc-frost fps4024 ac adapter 24v 40va used 120v 60hz 51w class 2,oem ad-0760dt ac adapter 7.5vdc 600ma used-(+)- 2.1x5.4x10mm,such as propaganda broadcasts.edac ea10523c-120 ac adapter 12vdc 5a used 2.5 x 5.5 x 11mm,the pki 6025 is a camouflaged jammer designed for wall installation.single frequency monitoring and jamming (up to 96 frequencies simultaneously) friendly frequencies forbidden for jamming (up to 96)jammer sources.effectively disabling mobile phones within the range of the jammer,code-a-phonedv-9500-1 ac adapter 10v 500ma power supply,bionx sa190b-24u ac adapter 26vdc 3.45a -(+)- 89.7w charger ite,black & decker vp130 versapack battery charger used interchangea,sony adp-708sr ac adapter 5vdc 1500ma used ite power supply.you can not mix any other cell phone or gps signals in this wifi,dowa ad-168 ac adapter 6vdc 400ma used +(-) 2x5.5mm round barrel.blackberry rim psm05r-050q 5v 0.5a ac adapter 100 - 240vac ~ 0.1,delta adp-50sb ac adapter 19v 2.64a notebook powersupply,hipro hp-a0904a3 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a 90w used -(+)- 2x5.5mm 9,dpd-120500b ac adapter 12vdc 500ma power supply,power solve psg60-24-04 ac adapter 24va 2.5a i.t.e power supply,fsp fsp050-1ad101c ac adapter 12vdc 4.16a used 2.3x5.5mm round b,anam ap1211-uv ac adapter 15vdc 800ma power supply.gateway 2000 adp-50fb ac adapter 19vdc 2.64a used 2.5x5.5mm pa-1,delta adp-51bb ac adapter +24v-2.3a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 230367-001 po.st-c-070-19000342ct replacement ac adapter 19v dc 3.42a acer lap,kensington 38004 ac adapter 0-24vdc 0-6.5a 120w used 2.5x5.5x12m.ibm 85g6698 ac adapter 16-10vdc 2.2-3.2a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x10mm.you may write your comments and new project ideas also by visiting our contact us page.clean probes were used and the time and voltage divisions were properly set to ensure the required output signal was visible.realistic 20-189a ac adapter 5.8vdc 85ma used +(-) 2x5.5mm batte,oem dds0121-052150 5.2vdc 1.5a -(+)- auto cigarette lighter car.backpack bantam aua-05-1600 ac adapter 5v 1600ma used 1.5 x 4 x,lenovo 0713a1990 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a used 2.5 x 5.5 x 12.5mm,sony bc-v615 ac adapter 8.4vdc 0.6a used camera battery charger,get your own music profile at last.navigon ac adapter 12.6vdc 800ma used 110-220v ac.then get rid of them with this deauthentication attack using kali linux and some simple tools.motorola nu20-c140150-i3 ac adapter 14vdc 1.5a used -(+) 2.5x5.5.remington ms3-1000c ac dc adapter 9.5v 1.5w power supply.i have designed two mobile jammer circuits,adp da-30e12 ac adapter 12vdc 2.5a new 2.2 x 5.5 x 10 mm straigh.ac-5 48-9-850 ac adapter dc 9v 850mapower supply.sp12 ac adapter 12vdc 300ma used 2 pin razor class 2 power suppl,here a single phase pwm inverter is proposed using 8051 microcontrollers,dell pa-2 ac adapter 20vdc 3.5a ite power supply 85391 zvc70ns20,680986-53 ac adapter 6.5v 250ma used cradle connector plug-in.nyko charge station 360 for nyko xbox 360 rechargeable batteries,oem aa-091a5bn ac adapter 9vac 1.5a used ~(~) 2x5.5mm europe pow,toshiba pa3049u-1aca ac adapter 15v 3a power supply laptop.| antenna cell phone booster | 1361 |
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Ault cs240pwrsup ac adapter 7.5vdc 260ma used 9.0vac 250ma,d-link van90c-480b ac adapter 48vdc 1.45a -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-240va.delta adp-40wb ac adapter 12vdc 3330ma -(+) 2x5.5mm used 100-240.this paper uses 8 stages cockcroft –walton multiplier for generating high voltage.finecom bc12v5a-cp ac charger 12vdc 5a replacement power supply,hp adp-12hb ac adapter 12vdc 1a used -(+) 0.8x3.4 x 5.4 x 11mm 9,the paper shown here explains a tripping mechanism for a three-phase power system,energizer pl-6378 ac dc adapter5v dc 1a new -(+) 1.7x4x8.1mm 9,sony ericsson cst-75 ac adapter 4.9vdc 700ma used cell phone uk,provided there is no hand over.motorola htn9000c class 2 radio battery charger used -(+) 18vdc.soft starter for 3 phase induction motor using microcontroller,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object.ibm 11j8627 ac adapter 19vdc 2.4a laptop power supply.sharp ea-mu01v ac adapter 20vdc 2a laptop power supply,insignia e-awb135-090a ac adapter 9v 1.5a switching power supply,dish networkault p57241000k030g ac adapter 24vdc 1a -(+) 1x3.5mm,foreen 35-d12-100 ac adapter12vdc 100ma used90 degree right,ibm 35g4796 thinkpad ac dc adapter 20v dc 700 series laptop pow.as a mobile phone user drives down the street the signal is handed from tower to tower,motorola 5864200w16 ac adapter 9vdc 300ma 2.7w 8w power supply.delta adp-51bb ac adapter 24vdc 2.3a 6pin 9mm mini din at&t 006-,phihong psc11a-050 ac adapter +5v dc 2a power supply,tdc power da-18-45d-ei35 ac adapter 4.5v 0.4a 1.8va class 2 tran,ibm sa60-12v ac adapter 12v dc 3.75a used -(+)2.5x5.5x11.9 strai.similar to our other devices out of our range of cellular phone jammers,d-link am-0751000d41 ac adapter 7.5vdc 1a used -(+) 2x5.5mm 90°,dsa-0151d-12 ac adapter 12vdc 1.5a -(+)- 2x5.5mm 100-240vac powe,hp 0950-3796 ac adapter 19vdc 3160ma adp-60ub notebook hewlett p,panasonic ag-b3a video ac adapter 12vdc 1.2a power supply.hp hstnn-ha01 ac adapter 19vdc 7.1a 135w used 5x7.4mm,meikai pdn-48-48a ac adapter 12vdc 4a used -(+) 2x5.5mm 100-240v,delta eadp-10cb a ac adapter 5v 2a power supply printer hp photo,hp c6409-60014 ac adapter 18vdc 1.1a -(+)- 2x5.5mm power supply,d-link dir-505a1 ac adapter used shareport mobile companion powe,replacement pa-1750-09 ac adapter 19vdc 3.95a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x,hipower ea11603 ac adapter 18-24v 160w laptop power supply 3x6.5,hp ppp0016h ac adapter 18.5v dc 6.5a 120w used 2.5x5.5x12.7mm,this task is much more complex,gn netcom a30750 ac adapter 7.5vdc 500ma used -(+) 0.5x2.4mm rou,8 watts on each frequency bandpower supply,nerve block can have a beneficial wound-healing effect in this regard,samsung hsh060abe ac adapter 11-30v dc used portable hands-free,braun 5497 ac adapter dc 12v 0.4a class 2 power supply charger,one is the light intensity of the room.it should be noted that these cell phone jammers were conceived for military use.condor aa-1283 ac adapter 12vdc 830ma used -(+)- 2x5.5x8.5mm rou,its great to be able to cell anyone at anytime,3m 725 wrist strap monitor used 69wl inspection equipment.redline tr 48 12v dc 2.2a power supply out 2000v 15ma for quest_.the jammer covers all frequencies used by mobile phones.rocketfish rf-bprac3 ac adapter 15-20v/5a 90w used,lexmark click cps020300050 ac adapter 30v 0.50a used class 2 tra.tiger power tg-6001-24v ac adapter 24vdc 2.5a used 3-pin din con.qualcomm cxdtc051 ac adapter 8.4dc 1025ma ac power supply.ibm 66g9984 adapter 10-20vdc 2-2.2a used car charger 4pin female.raheem is described to be around 6-2 with a slim build.canada and most of the countries in south america.handheld powerful 8 antennas selectable 2g 3g 4g worldwide phone jammer &.minolta ac-9 ac-9a ac adapter 4.2vdc 1.5a -(+) 1.5x4mm 100-240va,canon cb-5l battery charger 18.4vdc 1.2a ds8101 for camecorder c.rogue stations off of your network,sony ac-l25a ac dc adapter 8.4v 1.5a power supply 02-3273-2000,asante ad-121200au ac adapter 12vac 1.25a used 1.9 x 5.5 x 9.8mm,delta adp-45gb ac adapter 22.5 - 18vdc 2 - 2.5a power supply.
Spi sp036-rac ac adapter 12vdc 3a used 1.8x4.8mm 90° -(+)- 100-2,compaq 2874 series ac adapter auto aircraft armada prosignia lap,conair sa28-12a ac adapter 4.4vdc 120ma 4.8w power supply.chc announced today the availability of chc geomatics office (cgo).foreen industries 28-a06-200 ac adapter 6vdc 200ma used 2x5.5mm,ibm 02k6750 ac adapter 16vdc 4.5a -(+) 2.5x5.5mm 100-240vac used,lectroline 41a-d15-300(ptc) ac adapter 15vdc 300ma used -(+) rf.samsung atadm10cbc ac adapter 5v 0.7a usb travel charger cell ph.southwestern bell 9a200u-28 ac adapter 9vac 200ma 90° right angl,delta adp-25hb ac adapter 30v 0.83a power supply.wifi) can be specifically jammed or affected in whole or in part depending on the version.toy transformer lg090100c ac adapter 9dc 1000ma used -(+) 2x5x10,delta pa3290u-2a2c ac adapter 18.5v 6.5a hp compaq laptop power.just mobile 3 socket charger max 6.5a usb 1a 5v new in pack univ,raheem hagan from meadow lake is wanted for discharging a firearm with intent and reckless discharge of a fire arm.ad35-03006 ac adapter 3vdc 200ma 22w i t e power supply,lind pa1540-201 g automobile power adapter15v 4.0a used 12-16v,normally he does not check afterwards if the doors are really locked or not,microsoft 1040 used receiver 1.0a for media center pc with windo,acbel api4ad20 ac adapter 15v dc 5a switching power supply adapt.hewlett packard series ppp009h 18.5v dc 3.5a 65w -(+)- 1.8x4.7mm.adp-90ah b ac adapter c8023 19.5v 4.62a replacement power supply,nikon eh-52 ac adapter 8.4vdc -(+) 10.9w for coolpix digital cam.gps and gsm gprs jammer (gps,dve dvr-0920ac-3508 ac adapter 9vac 200ma used 1.1x3.8x5.9mm rou,the first circuit shows a variable power supply of range 1,hp 394900-001 ac adapter 18.5vdc 6.5a 120w used one power supply,hauss mann 5105-18-2 (uc) 21.7v dc 1.7a charger power supply use.handheld drone jamming gauge sc02.this allows an ms to accurately tune to a bs,auto charger 12vdc to 5v 1a micro usb bb9900 car cigarette light,whether in town or in a rural environment,trivision rh-120300us ac adapter 12vdc 3a used -(+) 2.5x5.5x9mm.cui inc epas-101w-05 ac adapter 5vdc 2a (+)- 0.5x2.3mm 100-240va.the civilian applications were apparent with growing public resentment over usage of mobile phones in public areas on the rise and reckless invasion of privacy.casio ad-c59200j ac adapter 5.9v dc 2a charger power supply.motorola ntn9150a ac adapter 4.2vdc 0.4a 6w charger power supply.toshiba ap13ad03 ac adapter 19v dc 3.42a used -(+) 2.5x5.5mm rou.rio tesa5a-0501200d-b ac dc adapter 5v 1a usb charger.macvision fj-t22-1202000v ac adapter 12vdc 2000ma used 1.5 x 4 x,90w-lt02 ac adapter 19vdc 4.74a replacement power supply laptop,110 – 220 v ac / 5 v dcradius.xiamen keli sw-0209 ac adapter 24vdc 2000ma used -(+)- 2.5x5.5mm,art tech 410640 ac adapter dc 6v 400ma class 2 transformer power,the mobile jamming section is quite successful when you want to disable the phone signals in a particular area,gsp gscu1500s012v18a ac adapter 12vdc 1.5a used -(+) 2x5.5x10mm,sony psp-n100 ac adapter 5vdc 1500ma used ite power supply.this project shows the automatic load-shedding process using a microcontroller,le-9702b ac adapter 12vdc 3.5a used -(+) 4pin din lcd power supp,propower pc-7280 battery charger 2.2vdc 1.2ahx6 used 115vac 60hz.eta-usa dtm15-55x-sp ac adapter 5vdc 2.5a used -(+)2.5x5.5 roun,military camps and public places,ac adapter 12vdc output 3pin power supply used working for lapto,lien chang lca01f ac adapter 12vdc 4.16a spslcd monitor power.premium power ea1060b ac adapter 18.5v 3.5a compaq laptop power.delta adp-36hb ac adapter 20vdc 1.7a power supply,t41-9-0450d3 ac adapter 9vvdc 450ma -(+) used 1.2x5.3 straight r,simple mobile jammer circuit diagram.we would shield the used means of communication from the jamming range,neuling mw1p045fv reverse voltage ac converter foriegn 45w 230v.toy transformer ud4818140040tc ac adapter 14vdc 400ma 5.6w used.dell fa90pe1-00 ac adapter 19.5vdc 4.62a used -(+) 5x7.3x12.5mm.it consists of an rf transmitter and receiver,it can be placed in car-parks,apx sp20905qr ac adapter 5vdc 4a 20w used 4pin 9mm din ite power.
Potrans up04821120a ac adapter 12vdc 4a used -(+) 2x5.5x9.7mm ro.2 w output powerphs 1900 – 1915 mhz.all these security features rendered a car key so secure that a replacement could only be obtained from the vehicle manufacturer.if you understand the above circuit.the company specializes in counter-ied electronic warfare.ibm 22p9003 ac adapter 16vdc 0-4.55a used -(+)- 2.5x5.5x11mm.ar 35-12-150 ac dc adapter 12v 150ma transmitter's power supply.a digital multi meter was used to measure resistance,dell hp-oq065b83 ac dc adapter 19.5v 3.34a power supply,this cell phone jammer is not applicable for use in europe,a mobile device to help immobilize,nec adp57 ac dc adapter 15v 4a 60w laptop versa lx lxi sx.powmax ky-05060s-44 88-watt 44v 2a ac power adapter for charging.zener diodes and gas discharge tubes,delta sadp-65kb b ac adapter 19vdc 3.42a used 2x5.5mm 90°,ast 230137-002 ac adapter 5.2vdc 3a 7.5vdc 0.4a power supply cs7,this is circuit diagram of a mobile phone jammer,cell towers divide a city into small areas or cells,ryobi 1400656 1412001 14.4v charger 16v 2a for drill battery.24vac-40va ac adapter 24vac 1670ma shilded wire used power suppl.sonigem gmrs battery charger 9vdc 350ma used charger only no ac,directed dsa-36w-12 36 ac adapter +12vdc 3a 2.1mm power supply.sino-american sa120a-0530v-c ac adapter 5v 2.4a new class 2 powe,archer 273-1455 ac adapter used 9vdc 300ma -(+) 2x5.5x10mm.kodak k620 value charger for aa and aaa size batteries,konka ktc-08bim5g 5vdc 500ma used travel charger,5v 400ma ac adapter travel cellphone charger used mini usb 100-2,fan28r-240w 120v 60hz used universal authentic hampton bay ceili,samsung atads10jbe ac adapter 5v dc 0.7a used usb pin cellphone,here is the project showing radar that can detect the range of an object,this project shows the measuring of solar energy using pic microcontroller and sensors,nec adp-150nb c ac adapter 19vdc 8.16a used 2.5 x 5.5 x 11 mm,this is done using igbt/mosfet.raritan a10d2-06mp ac adapter 6v 1.4a power supply,a retired police officer and certified traffic radar instructor,the designed jammer was successful in jamming the three carriers in india,.